Despite incessant research, colorectal cancer (CRC) is still one of the most common causes of fatality in both men and women worldwide. Over time, advancements in medical treatments have notably enhanced the survival rates of patients with colorectal cancer. Managing metastatic CRC involves a complex tradeoff between the potential benefits and adverse effects of treatment, considering factors like disease progression, treatment toxicity, drug resistance, and the overall impact on the patient’s quality of life. An increasing body of evidence highlights the significance of the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept, proposing that CSCs occupy a central role in triggering cancer. CSCs have been a focal point of extensive research in a variety of cancer types, including CRC. Colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) play a crucial role in tumor initiation, metastasis, and therapy resistance, making them potential treatment targets. Various methods exist for isolating CCSCs, and understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance associated with them is crucial. This paper offers an overview of the current body of research pertaining to the comprehension of CSCs in colorectal cancer.

Speckle tracking echocardiography is an advanced imaging technique that allows for a more detailed assessment of cardiac global and regional function. Reference values for segmental longitudinal layered strain (subendocardial, mid-myocardial, and subepicardial) are scarce, limiting the clinical use of these measurements in clinical practice. Two hundred consecutive Caucasian healthy subjects (mean age = 37 ± 11 years) were enrolled in the study. The mean values of global longitudinal strain (GLS) for endocardial (Endo), mid-myocardial (Myo) and epicardial (Epi) layers were −22.9 ± 2.7, −20.0 ± 2.4 and −17.5 ± 2.1, respectively. The GLSEndo/GLSMyo ratio was 1.1 ± 0.05, while the GLSEndo/GLSEpi ratio was 1.3 ± 0.05. The apical strain-sparing ratio was >1 in 10% of the subjects (endocardium) and 7% (mid-myocardium). The lower limits for segmental LS were as follows: for endocardial LS, −10% (basal), −12% (mid), −14% (apical); for mid-myocardial LS, −10% −10% (basal), −10% (mid), −10% (apical); and for epicardial LS, −7% (basal), −8% (mid), −8% (apical). The findings of this study provide data regarding the lower limit of normality of LS for each LV segment and suggest, for practical considerations, that an LS value below 10% should be considered abnormal in any segment. Further larger studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are a rare form of cancer located within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, defined as tumors with spindle, epithelioid, or occasionally pleomorphic cells. They originate in the interstitial cells of Cajal, with the function of "pacemaker" of gastrointestinal motility. Their behavior is dictated by changes in the c-kit/PDGFRA gene, which is often highlighted by immunolabeling. Methods: We report the clinical, macroscopic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of consecutive patients diagnosed with GIST who underwent surgical removal of the tumor in our department between 2008-2022. Results: We included 20 consecutive patients. The presentation was considered a surgical emergency requiring immediate surgical intervention in most subjects. The most common localization is the small intestine (n=9, 45%), followed by the stomach (n=7, 35%), colon (n=3, 15%), and peritoneum (n=1, n=5%). Histologically, the tumors were predominantly mixed (n=10, 50%) followed by spindle type (n=8, 40%) and epithelioid - 2 cases (10%). Conclusion: The clinical presentation of GISTs remains heterogeneous, and the diagnosis is predominantly postsurgical, using complex immunohistochemistry analysis. The tumor size and number of mitoses are strongly associated with the long-term prognosis.

Breast cancer is often seen as a disease that occurs in women, but it can also appear in men in a very small percentage, below 1%. Men have a minimal amount of breast tissue compared to women, which has the potential to become malignant in a similar way to women, although much less frequently. A patient presented with advanced local invasion due to the low amount of breast tissue, with the tumor quickly invading the adjacent structures. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations have an extremely important role in the pathology of breast cancer. Given that male breast cancer is rare and there are not enough surgeons specializing in breast surgery in our country, there is a lack of experience in the management and early diagnosis of this type of cancer, which will be highlighted in this article.

There is a substantial correlation between cardiac dysfunction and elevated mortality in sepsis. Impaired myocardial perfusion, direct myocardial injury, and mitochondrial dysfunction are all part of the complex pathophysiology of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. Recent evidence has shown the critical role mitochondrial dysfunction plays in the development of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. In order to prevent and treat sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction, a variety of drugs have been proposed. However, patient outcomes have not been appreciably enhanced by this therapy. This underscores the need for novel treatment approaches that target the specific pathways underlying cardiac dysfunction in sepsis. The prognosis is greatly impacted by sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, monitoring it is crucial. Clinicians employ a mix of clinical evaluations, hemodynamic monitoring, echocardiography, and bSICiomarkers to efficiently monitor this illness. The combined application of these techniques provides a comprehensive evaluation of cardiac function, thereby supporting timely optimization of treatment strategies. Treatments for septic shock and established sepsis will be beneficial for patients with this condition. However, there is little information and evidence about more targeted therapy, except than general management with vasopressors, inotropes, and fluid resuscitation. This study provides an outline of current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, as well as the effects of monitoring and current treatments on sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction.

Background: Hypoglycemia in the case of persons without diabetes is a rare event, being usually, initially misinterpreted based on the symptoms that can mimic various diseases, especially of a neuro-psychiatric nature. In the case of the identification of insulin-mediated hypoglycemia, the evaluation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, which represent the most common and worrisome causes of non-diabetic insulin-mediated hypoglycemia, must be considered. Case Report: We present the case of a 57-year-old patient, hospitalized for a history of approximately one month of recurrent episodes of symptoms suggestive for severe hypoglycemia. The biological evaluation performed during an episode of hypoglycemia showed a plasma glucose value of 44 mg/dL, insulinemia 16.3 µU/mL, C peptide 3.72 ng/mL, HbA1c 4.99%, absence of urinary ketone bodies and anti-insulin antibodies <0.03 U/mL. The CT and MRI examination showed a 15.3/15 mm rounded tumor in the pancreatic corporeo-caudal region. The pancreatic tumor formation was enucleated and the histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis of the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with a positive reaction for chromogranin A, synaptophysin and insulin, without malignancy features (Ki 67 positive in 1% of the tumor cells). The postoperative evolution was favorable, without episodes of hypoglycemia, the fasting insulinemia one day after surgery being 4.1 µU/mL and HbA1c at three weeks postoperatively being 5.51%. Conclusions: The management of patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia secondary to insulinoma involves multidisciplinary collaboration with an important role in recognizing symptoms suggestive of hypoglycemia in a person without diabetes, initiating biological and imaging evaluation, establishing the optimal therapeutic option and histopathological confirmation.