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In this paper, we propose an innovative self-organizing medium access control mechanism for a distributed cognitive radio network (CRN) in which utilization is maximized by minimizing the collisions and missed opportunities. This is achieved by organizing the users of the CRN in a queue through a timer and user ID and providing channel access in an orderly fashion. To efficiently organize the users in a distributed, ad hoc network with less overhead, we reduce the sensing period through parallel sensing wherein the users are divided into different groups and each group is assigned a different portion of the primary spectrum band. This consequently augments the number of discovered spectrum holes which then are maximally utilized through the self-organizing access scheme. The combination of two schemes augments the effective utilization of primary holes to above 95%, even in impasse situations due to heavy primary network loading, thereby achieving higher network throughput than that achieved when each of the two approaches are used in isolation. By efficiently combining parallel sensing with the self-organizing MAC (PSO-MAC), a synergy has been achieved that affords the gains which are more than the sum of the gains achieved through each one of these techniques individually. In an experimental scenario with 50% primary load, the network throughput achieved with combined parallel sensing and self-organizing MAC is 50% higher compared to that of parallel sensing and 37% better than that of self-organizing MAC. These results clearly demonstrate the efficacy of the combined approach in achieving optimum performance in a CRN.
Muddasir Rahim; Riaz Hussain; Irfan Latif Khan; Ahmad Naseem Alvi; Muhammad Awais Javed; Atif Shakeel; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Byung Moo Lee; Shahzad A. Malik. Self-Organized Efficient Spectrum Management through Parallel Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021, 2021, 1 -22.
AMA StyleMuddasir Rahim, Riaz Hussain, Irfan Latif Khan, Ahmad Naseem Alvi, Muhammad Awais Javed, Atif Shakeel, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Byung Moo Lee, Shahzad A. Malik. Self-Organized Efficient Spectrum Management through Parallel Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 2021; 2021 ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuddasir Rahim; Riaz Hussain; Irfan Latif Khan; Ahmad Naseem Alvi; Muhammad Awais Javed; Atif Shakeel; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Byung Moo Lee; Shahzad A. Malik. 2021. "Self-Organized Efficient Spectrum Management through Parallel Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021, no. : 1-22.
Blind-spots, where wireless signals do not reach within the coverage range, often emerge in a dynamic environment due to obstacles, geographical location or mobility of cellular users (CUs). Thus greatly reducing the overall system performance in terms of coverage and throughput. Relay-aided cognitive Device to Device (cD2D) communication system underlying the 5G cellular network can help mitigate blind-spots. Cognitive capability helps D2D users to acquire the spectrum opportunistically for proximity communication and establish a semi-independent network underlying the 5G network, which not only offloads 5G-New Radio (NR) base station but also enhances the overall system performance. In this work, we have developed a relay-aided cognitive D2D network that helps CUs falling into the blind-spots to retain access to the 5G network and increase wireless coverage. Relay selection requires mutual consent between the relay and the device in the blind-spot. The in-coverage devices are tempted to act as relays through incentive-based mechanism. For enhanced system performance a suitable match among the devices in blind-spots and the relays is required. cD2D enabled relay selection algorithm (cDERSA) is proposed in this work, in which a cognitive D2D user (cDU), which is a CU falling in the blind-spot, establishes a relayed cD2D link to access 5G-NR gNodeB. All cDUs as well as the tempted relays, i.e. cognitive D2D relays (cDRs), first scan their surroundings for devices capable of D2D communication and based on multi-criteria objective functions, build a priority table. A stable marriage problem is formulated and solved using a unique, stable, distributed, and efficient matching algorithm based on the Gale-Shapley algorithm. A new incentive mechanism is also developed to keep relays motivated to share their resources. Simulation is performed and their results show improvement in throughput and average user satisfaction, which validates our proposed cDERSA.
Adeel Iqbal; Muddasir Rahim; Riaz Hussain; Abdulfattah Noorwali; Mohammad Zubair Khan; Atif Shakeel; Irfan Latif Khan; Muhammad Awais Javed; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik. cDERSA: Cognitive D2D Enabled Relay Selection Algorithm to Mitigate Blind-Spots in 5G Cellular Networks. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 1 -1.
AMA StyleAdeel Iqbal, Muddasir Rahim, Riaz Hussain, Abdulfattah Noorwali, Mohammad Zubair Khan, Atif Shakeel, Irfan Latif Khan, Muhammad Awais Javed, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Shahzad A. Malik. cDERSA: Cognitive D2D Enabled Relay Selection Algorithm to Mitigate Blind-Spots in 5G Cellular Networks. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdeel Iqbal; Muddasir Rahim; Riaz Hussain; Abdulfattah Noorwali; Mohammad Zubair Khan; Atif Shakeel; Irfan Latif Khan; Muhammad Awais Javed; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik. 2021. "cDERSA: Cognitive D2D Enabled Relay Selection Algorithm to Mitigate Blind-Spots in 5G Cellular Networks." IEEE Access 9, no. : 1-1.
Integration of Device-to-Device (D2D) communication into the cellular network can greatly enhance the spectrum utilization as well as creating additional communication opportunities. D2D can be combined with cognitive radio to further enhance spectrum utilization and cellular network performance. Unlike the traditional D2D communication approach which employs only cellular spectrum, cognitive D2D can enable sensing and utilizing non-cellular spectrum opportunistically as well, thus allowing to offload cellular base station traffic to non-cellular spectrum such as WiFi, Bluetooth, or TV white-spaces. Cognitive D2D users (cDUs) must vacate channel for primary users and hand-off to another secondary channel which renders it quite challenging to meet Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of multi-class cDUs in the presence of higher primary network load. In this work, an enhanced hybrid spectrum access scheme has been developed based on non-switching spectrum hand-off for multi-class DUs, utilizing both interweave and hybrid interweave underlay spectrum access strategies. Further, lower priority cDUs with non-real-time traffic remains in the system and wait for channels to become available, rather than being dropped from the system due to lack of secondary channels. A Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) has been developed to analyze the performance of the proposed scheme. For comparison, several cases, ranging from the simple cellular network to complex cellular-cognitive-D2D with hybrid-spectrum-access, have been analyzed. The main focus of the analysis is to compare the efficacy of enhanced hybrid spectrum access scheme with individual interweave and hybrid interweave underlay spectrum access strategies in terms of QoS provisioning for multi-class cDUs. The results depict improvement in throughput, spectrum utilization, and extended data delivery time for the proposed scheme and validate the suitability of the proposed scheme to meet QoS requirements for both delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant users of the multi-class cognitive D2D communication system.
Adeel Iqbal; Riaz Hussain; Atif Shakeel; Irfan Latif Khan; Muhammad Awais Javed; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Byung Moo Lee; Shahzad A. Malik. Enhanced Spectrum Access for QoS Provisioning in Multi-Class Cognitive D2D Communication System. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 33608 -33624.
AMA StyleAdeel Iqbal, Riaz Hussain, Atif Shakeel, Irfan Latif Khan, Muhammad Awais Javed, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Byung Moo Lee, Shahzad A. Malik. Enhanced Spectrum Access for QoS Provisioning in Multi-Class Cognitive D2D Communication System. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():33608-33624.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdeel Iqbal; Riaz Hussain; Atif Shakeel; Irfan Latif Khan; Muhammad Awais Javed; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Byung Moo Lee; Shahzad A. Malik. 2021. "Enhanced Spectrum Access for QoS Provisioning in Multi-Class Cognitive D2D Communication System." IEEE Access 9, no. : 33608-33624.
The focus of research efforts in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) has primarily remained confined to maximizing the utilization of the discovered resources. However, it is also important to enhance the user satisfaction in CRNs by finding a suitable match between the secondary users and the idle channels available from the primary network while taking into consideration not only the quality of service (QoS) requirements of the secondary users but the quality of the channels as well. In this work, the Gale Shapley matching theory was applied to find the best match, so that the most suitable channels from the available pool were allocated that satisfy the QoS requirements of the secondary users. Before applying matching theory, two objective functions were defined from the secondary user’s perspective as well as from the channel’s perspective. The objective function of secondary users is the weighted sum of the data rate of the secondary users and the probability of reappearance of the primary user on the channel. Whereas, the objective function of the channel is the maximum utilization of the channel. The weight factors included in the objective functions allow for diverse service classes of secondary users (SUs) or varying channel quality characteristics. The objective functions were used in developing the preference lists for the secondary users and the idle channels. The preference lists were then used by the Gale Shapely matching algorithm to determine the most suitably matched SU-channel pairs. The performance of the proposed scheme was evaluated using Monte–Carlo simulations. The results show significant improvement in the overall satisfaction of the secondary users with the proposed scheme in comparison to other contemporary techniques. Further, the impact of changing the weight factors in the objective functions on the secondary user’s satisfaction and channel utilization was also analyzed.
Muddasir Rahim; Ahmed S. Alfakeeh; Riaz Hussain; Muhammad Awais Javed; Atif Shakeel; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Adeel Israr; Alhuseen Omar Alsayed; Shahzad A. Malik. Efficient Channel Allocation using Matching Theory for QoS Provisioning in Cognitive Radio Networks. Sensors 2020, 20, 1872 .
AMA StyleMuddasir Rahim, Ahmed S. Alfakeeh, Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Awais Javed, Atif Shakeel, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Adeel Israr, Alhuseen Omar Alsayed, Shahzad A. Malik. Efficient Channel Allocation using Matching Theory for QoS Provisioning in Cognitive Radio Networks. Sensors. 2020; 20 (7):1872.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuddasir Rahim; Ahmed S. Alfakeeh; Riaz Hussain; Muhammad Awais Javed; Atif Shakeel; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Adeel Israr; Alhuseen Omar Alsayed; Shahzad A. Malik. 2020. "Efficient Channel Allocation using Matching Theory for QoS Provisioning in Cognitive Radio Networks." Sensors 20, no. 7: 1872.
The spectrum handoff is highly critical as well as challenging in a cognitive radio ad hoc network (CRAHN) due to lack of coordination among secondary users (SUs), which leads to collisions among the SUs and consequently affects the performance of the network in terms of spectrum utilization and throughput. The target channel selection mechanism as part of handoff process can play an enormously significant role in minimizing the collisions among the SUs and improving the performance of a cognitive radio network (CRN). In this paper, an enhanced target channel selection scheme based on imperfect channel state prediction is proposed for the spectrum handoff among the SUs in a CRAHN. The proposed scheme includes an improved frame structure that increases coordination among the SUs in the ad hoc environment and helps in organizing the SUs according to the shortest job first principle during channel access. Unlike the existing prediction-based spectrum handoff techniques, the proposed scheme takes into account the accuracy of channel state prediction; the SUs affected due to false prediction are compensated by allowing them to contend for channel access within the same transmission cycle and thus enabling them to achieve higher throughput. The proposed scheme has been compared with the contemporary spectrum handoff schemes and the results have demonstrated substantial improvement in throughput and extended data delivery time by virtue of the reduced number of collisions.
Atif Shakeel; Riaz Hussain; Adeel Iqbal; Irfan Latif Latif Khan; Qadeer Ul Hasan And Shahzad Ali Ul Hasan; Shahzad Ali Malik. Spectrum Handoff based on Imperfect Channel State Prediction Probabilities with Collision Reduction in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks. Sensors 2019, 19, 4741 .
AMA StyleAtif Shakeel, Riaz Hussain, Adeel Iqbal, Irfan Latif Latif Khan, Qadeer Ul Hasan And Shahzad Ali Ul Hasan, Shahzad Ali Malik. Spectrum Handoff based on Imperfect Channel State Prediction Probabilities with Collision Reduction in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks. Sensors. 2019; 19 (21):4741.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtif Shakeel; Riaz Hussain; Adeel Iqbal; Irfan Latif Latif Khan; Qadeer Ul Hasan And Shahzad Ali Ul Hasan; Shahzad Ali Malik. 2019. "Spectrum Handoff based on Imperfect Channel State Prediction Probabilities with Collision Reduction in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks." Sensors 19, no. 21: 4741.
Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) rely on sensing of the licensed spectrum of a primary network to dynamically ascertain underutilized portion of the spectrum, thus affording additional communication opportunities. In a CRN, a single homogeneous spectrum access, such as interweave only deprives the secondary users (SUs) of channel access during handoff, particularly at high primary network traffic. Therefore, providing quality-of-service (QoS) to multi-class SUs with diverse delay requirements during handoff becomes a challenging task. In this paper, we have evolved a Markov-based analytical model to ascertain the gain in non-switching spectrum handoff scheme for multi-class SUs employing hybrid interweave-underlay spectrum access strategy. To satisfy the QoS requirements of the delay-sensitive traffic, we have analyzed the impact of hybrid spectrum access scheme for prioritized multi-class SUs traffic. The results show substantial improvement in spectrum utilization, average system throughput and extended data delivery time compared to conventional CRN using interweave only spectrum access. This demonstrates the suitability of the proposed scheme towards meeting QoS requirements of the delay-sensitive SU traffic while improving the overall performance for delay-tolerant SU traffic as well.
Atif Shakeel; Riaz Hussain; Adeel Iqbal; Irfan Latif Khan; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad Ali Malik. Analysis of Efficient Spectrum Handoff in a Multi-Class Hybrid Spectrum Access Cognitive Radio Network Using Markov Modelling. Sensors 2019, 19, 4120 .
AMA StyleAtif Shakeel, Riaz Hussain, Adeel Iqbal, Irfan Latif Khan, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Shahzad Ali Malik. Analysis of Efficient Spectrum Handoff in a Multi-Class Hybrid Spectrum Access Cognitive Radio Network Using Markov Modelling. Sensors. 2019; 19 (19):4120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtif Shakeel; Riaz Hussain; Adeel Iqbal; Irfan Latif Khan; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad Ali Malik. 2019. "Analysis of Efficient Spectrum Handoff in a Multi-Class Hybrid Spectrum Access Cognitive Radio Network Using Markov Modelling." Sensors 19, no. 19: 4120.
Cognitive radio networks have emerged to exploit optimally the scarcely-available radio spectrum resources to enable evolving 5G wireless communication systems. These networks tend to cater to the ever-increasing demands of higher data rates, lower latencies and ubiquitous coverage. By using the buffer-aided cooperative relaying, a cognitive radio network can enhance both the spectral efficiency and the range of the network; although, this could incur additional end-to-end delays. To mitigate this possible limitation of the buffer-aided relaying in the underlay cognitive network, a virtual duplex multi-hop scheme, referred as buffer-aided multi-hop relaying, is proposed, which improves throughput and reduces end-to-end delays while keeping the outage probability to a minimum as well. This scheme simultaneously takes into account the inter-relay interference and the interference to the primary network. The proposed scheme is modeled as a Markov chain, and Monte Carlo simulations under various scenarios are conducted to evaluate several key performance metrics such as throughput, outage probability, and average packet delay. The results show that the proposed scheme outperforms many non-buffer-aided relaying schemes in terms of outage performance. When compared with other buffer-aided relaying schemes such as max-max, max-link, and buffer-aided relay selection with reduced packet delay, the proposed scheme demonstrated better interference mitigation without compromising the delay performance as well.
Shakeel Ahmed Alvi; Riaz Hussain; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad Ali Malik. Improved Buffer-Aided Multi-Hop Relaying with Reduced Outage and Packet Delay in Cognitive Radio Networks. Electronics 2019, 8, 895 .
AMA StyleShakeel Ahmed Alvi, Riaz Hussain, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Shahzad Ali Malik. Improved Buffer-Aided Multi-Hop Relaying with Reduced Outage and Packet Delay in Cognitive Radio Networks. Electronics. 2019; 8 (8):895.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShakeel Ahmed Alvi; Riaz Hussain; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad Ali Malik. 2019. "Improved Buffer-Aided Multi-Hop Relaying with Reduced Outage and Packet Delay in Cognitive Radio Networks." Electronics 8, no. 8: 895.
: Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are quickly emerging as a suitable technology for a voltage-source converter-based high-voltage direct-current (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems due to its numerous advantages as reported in literature. However, for a large DC-network, MMCs require large numbers of sub-modules (SMs) and switches, which makes its modeling very challenging and computationally complex using electromagnetic transient (EMT) programs. Average Value Model (AVM) provides a relatively better solution to model MMCs by combining cells as an arm equivalent circuit. Circulating current is an important issue related to the performance and stability of MMCs. Due to circulating currents, power loss in a converter increases as root mean square (RMS) values of the arm current increases. The traditional method for inserting SMs in each arm is based on direct modulation, which does not compensate for the arm voltage oscillations, and generates circulating current in each leg of a three-phase MMC. This paper presents a new method for reducing the circulating current by adding 2nd and 4thharmonics in the upper and lower arm currents of an MMC. Less capacitor energy variations reobtained by the proposed method compared to traditional direct modulation methods. The proposed method is tested on a common symmetrical monopole (point-to-point) MMC-HVDC system using vector current control strategy in PSCAD/EMTDC software. Analytical and simulation results show the effectiveness of the new method in minimizing the circulating current and arm voltage oscillation reductions as compared to the direct modulation approach.
Kamran Hafeez; Shahid A. Khan; Alex Van Den Bossche; Qadeer Ul Hasan. Circulating Current Reduction in MMC-HVDC System Using Average Model. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 1383 .
AMA StyleKamran Hafeez, Shahid A. Khan, Alex Van Den Bossche, Qadeer Ul Hasan. Circulating Current Reduction in MMC-HVDC System Using Average Model. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (7):1383.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamran Hafeez; Shahid A. Khan; Alex Van Den Bossche; Qadeer Ul Hasan. 2019. "Circulating Current Reduction in MMC-HVDC System Using Average Model." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7: 1383.
This research focuses on a decomposed-weighted-sum particle swarm optimization (DWS-PSO) approach that is proposed for optimal operations of price-driven demand response (PDDR) and PDDR-synergized with the renewable and energy storage dispatch (PDDR-RED) based home energy management systems (HEMSs). The algorithm for PDDR-RED-based HEMS is developed by combining a DWS-PSO-based PDDR scheme for load shifting with the dispatch strategy for the photovoltaic (PV), storage battery (SB), and power grid systems. Shiftable home appliances (SHAs) are modeled for mixed scheduling (MS). The MS includes advanced as well as delayed scheduling (AS/DS) of SHAs to maximize the reduction in the net cost of energy ( C E ). A set of weighting vectors is deployed while implementing algorithms and a multi-objective-optimization (MOO) problem is decomposed into single-objective sub-problems that are optimized simultaneously in a single run. Furthermore, an innovative method to carry out the diversified performance analysis (DPA) of the proposed algorithms is also proposed. The method comprises the construction of a diversified set of test problems (TPs), defining of performance metrics, and computation of the metrics. The TPs are constructed for a set of standardized dynamic pricing signal and for scheduling models for MS and DS. The simulation results show the gradient of the tradeoff line for the reduction in C E and related discomfort for DPA.
Bilal Hussain; Asif Khan; Nadeem Javaid; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik; Omar Ahmad; Amir Hanif Dar; Ahmad Kazmi. A Weighted-Sum PSO Algorithm for HEMS: A New Approach for the Design and Diversified Performance Analysis. Electronics 2019, 8, 180 .
AMA StyleBilal Hussain, Asif Khan, Nadeem Javaid, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Shahzad A. Malik, Omar Ahmad, Amir Hanif Dar, Ahmad Kazmi. A Weighted-Sum PSO Algorithm for HEMS: A New Approach for the Design and Diversified Performance Analysis. Electronics. 2019; 8 (2):180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilal Hussain; Asif Khan; Nadeem Javaid; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik; Omar Ahmad; Amir Hanif Dar; Ahmad Kazmi. 2019. "A Weighted-Sum PSO Algorithm for HEMS: A New Approach for the Design and Diversified Performance Analysis." Electronics 8, no. 2: 180.
A demand response (DR) based home energy management systems (HEMS) synergies with renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). In this work, a three-step simulation based posteriori method is proposed to develop a scheme for eco-efficient operation of HEMS. The proposed method provides the trade-off between the net cost of energy ( C E n e t ) and the time-based discomfort ( T B D ) due to shifting of home appliances (HAs). At step-1, primary trade-offs for C E n e t , T B D and minimal emissions T E M i s s are generated through a heuristic method. This method takes into account photovoltaic availability, the state of charge, the related rates for the storage system, mixed shifting of HAs, inclining block rates, the sharing-based parallel operation of power sources, and selling of the renewable energy to the utility. The search has been driven through multi-objective genetic algorithm and Pareto based optimization. A filtration mechanism (based on the trends exhibited by T E M i s s in consideration of C E n e t and T B D ) is devised to harness the trade-offs with minimal emissions. At step-2, a constraint filter based on the average value of T E M i s s is used to filter out the trade-offs with extremely high values of T E M i s s . At step-3, another constraint filter (made up of an average surface fit for T E M i s s ) is applied to screen out the trade-offs with marginally high values of T E M i s s . The surface fit is developed using polynomial models for regression based on the least sum of squared errors. The selected solutions are classified for critical trade-off analysis to enable the consumer choice for the best options. Furthermore, simulations validate our proposed method in terms of aforementioned objectives.
Bilal Hussain; Nadeem Javaid; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Sakeena Javaid; Asif Khan; Shahzad A. Malik. An Inventive Method for Eco-Efficient Operation of Home Energy Management Systems. Energies 2018, 11, 3091 .
AMA StyleBilal Hussain, Nadeem Javaid, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Sakeena Javaid, Asif Khan, Shahzad A. Malik. An Inventive Method for Eco-Efficient Operation of Home Energy Management Systems. Energies. 2018; 11 (11):3091.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilal Hussain; Nadeem Javaid; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Sakeena Javaid; Asif Khan; Shahzad A. Malik. 2018. "An Inventive Method for Eco-Efficient Operation of Home Energy Management Systems." Energies 11, no. 11: 3091.
Fog devices are beginning to play a key role in relaying data and services within the Internet-of-Things (IoT) ecosystem. These relays may be static or mobile, with the latter offering a new degree of freedom for performance improvement via careful relay mobility design. Besides that, power conservation has been a prevalent issue in IoT networks with devices being power-constrained, requiring optimal power-control mechanisms. In this paper, we consider a multitier fog-based IoT architecture where a mobile/static fog node acts as an amplify and forward relay that transmits received information from a sensor node to a higher hierarchically placed static fog device, which offers some localized services. The outage probability of the presented scenario was efficiently minimized by jointly optimizing the mobility pattern and the transmit power of the fog relay. A closed-form analytical expression for the outage probability was derived. Furthermore, due to the intractability and nonconvexity of the formulated problem, we applied an iterative algorithm based on the steepest descent method to arrive at a desirable objective. Simulations reveal that the outage probability was improved by 62.7% in the optimized-location fixed-power scheme, 79.3% in the optimized-power fixed-location scheme, and 94.2% in the optimized-location optimized-power scheme, as against the fixed-location and fixed-power scheme (i.e., without optimization). Lastly, we present an optimal relay selection strategy that chooses an appropriate relay node from randomly distributed relaying candidates.
Babatunji Omoniwa; Riaz Hussain; Muhammad Adil; Atif Shakeel; Ahmed Kamal Tahir; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik. An Optimal Relay Scheme for Outage Minimization in Fog-Based Internet-of-Things (IoT) Networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2018, 6, 3044 -3054.
AMA StyleBabatunji Omoniwa, Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Adil, Atif Shakeel, Ahmed Kamal Tahir, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Shahzad A. Malik. An Optimal Relay Scheme for Outage Minimization in Fog-Based Internet-of-Things (IoT) Networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2018; 6 (2):3044-3054.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabatunji Omoniwa; Riaz Hussain; Muhammad Adil; Atif Shakeel; Ahmed Kamal Tahir; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik. 2018. "An Optimal Relay Scheme for Outage Minimization in Fog-Based Internet-of-Things (IoT) Networks." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 2: 3044-3054.
Babatunji Omoniwa; Riaz Hussain; Junaid Ahmed; Adeel Iqbal; Ahmed Murkaz; Qadeer Ul-Hasan; Shahzad Ali Malik. A novel model for minimizing unnecessary handover in heterogeneous networks. TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 2018, 26, 1771 -1782.
AMA StyleBabatunji Omoniwa, Riaz Hussain, Junaid Ahmed, Adeel Iqbal, Ahmed Murkaz, Qadeer Ul-Hasan, Shahzad Ali Malik. A novel model for minimizing unnecessary handover in heterogeneous networks. TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES. 2018; 26 (4):1771-1782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabatunji Omoniwa; Riaz Hussain; Junaid Ahmed; Adeel Iqbal; Ahmed Murkaz; Qadeer Ul-Hasan; Shahzad Ali Malik. 2018. "A novel model for minimizing unnecessary handover in heterogeneous networks." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 26, no. 4: 1771-1782.
Finding holes from the underutilized portion of spectrum at various times and locations is the most important function in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). This requires efficient sensing policy at the MAC layer that can discover more idle channels in less time. Whereas, the sensing policy depends on the channel sensing order that decides how a secondary user senses the primary user band in minimum period of time. Spectrum sensing policies for searching idle channels from the underutilized primary band can significantly affect the performance of secondary user in terms of throughput, reliability, and energy efficiency. In this paper, we have analyzed MAC protocol structure for ad hoc radio networks which used random channel sensing. This results in poor performance, either due to the channels being skipped or the time for sensing the band being significantly longer. We propose a parallel sensing scheme with sequential channel selection order as part of MAC protocol, which can discover all the free channels in the primary user band in less time. For the proposed scheme, we have performed analysis over the number of channels sensed and the number of idle channels discovered. Furthermore, energy efficiency and throughput of the system have also been evaluated. The results show considerable improvement for the proposed scheme when compared with the contemporary scheme.
Irfan Latif Khan; Riaz Hussain; Atif Shakeel; Adeel Iqbal; Junaid Ahmed; Shakeel Alvi; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik. Efficient idle channel discovery mechanism through cooperative parallel sensing in cognitive radio network. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2018, 2018, 75 .
AMA StyleIrfan Latif Khan, Riaz Hussain, Atif Shakeel, Adeel Iqbal, Junaid Ahmed, Shakeel Alvi, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Shahzad A. Malik. Efficient idle channel discovery mechanism through cooperative parallel sensing in cognitive radio network. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2018; 2018 (1):75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrfan Latif Khan; Riaz Hussain; Atif Shakeel; Adeel Iqbal; Junaid Ahmed; Shakeel Alvi; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik. 2018. "Efficient idle channel discovery mechanism through cooperative parallel sensing in cognitive radio network." EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2018, no. 1: 75.
This paper presents design and development of solar power monitoring and control through GSM network in rural application. This system includes a GSM mobile and GSM hardware installed at solar system with 12VDC power for solar power monitoring along with temperatures (ambient and battery). This system is designed to conceptualizing how much solar power transferred to batteries and temperature conditions for that instant of time. Hardware is developed for the continuous update to the targeted station using GSM. The developed hardware gets the signal from the installed location calculate the real time power and temperature parameters. This information transferred to targeted mobile station through GSM interface using texting service (SMS). At the receiving end, power monitoring system is used to maintain the power to batteries profile locally. An easy, cost proficient and consistent working model of whole system has been developed which may be incorporated for data acquisition. Also the same system can use for uninterrupted power supply (UPS) systems.
Tanveer Ahmad; Qadeer Ul Hasan; A. Malik; N. S. Awan. Remote Monitoring for Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Rural Application Using GSM Network. ENERGYO 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleTanveer Ahmad, Qadeer Ul Hasan, A. Malik, N. S. Awan. Remote Monitoring for Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Rural Application Using GSM Network. ENERGYO. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanveer Ahmad; Qadeer Ul Hasan; A. Malik; N. S. Awan. 2018. "Remote Monitoring for Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Rural Application Using GSM Network." ENERGYO , no. : 1.
Over the past few years, active research on algorithm development for the optimal operations of home energy management systems (HEMSs) has been performed. The objective is to compute optimized schedules for shiftable home appliances. This is based on the demand response (DR) synergized with renewable energy sources and energy storage system optimal dispatch (DRSREOD). An improved algorithm for a DRSREOD-based HEMS is proposed in this paper. This heuristic-based algorithm considers DR, photovoltaic availability, the state of charge and charge/discharge rates of the storage battery and the sharing-based parallel operation of more than one power source to supply the required load. The HEMS problem has been solved to minimize the cost of energy (CE) and time-based discomfort (TBD) with conflicting tradeoffs. The mixed scheduling of appliances (delayed scheduling for some appliances and advanced scheduling for others) is introduced to improve the CE and TBD performance parameters. An inclining block rate scheme is also incorporated to reduce the peak load. A set of optimized tradeoffs between CE and TBD has been computed to address multi-objectivity using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) with Pareto optimization (PO) to perform the tradeoff analysis and to enable consumers to select the most feasible solution. Due to the rapid increase in demand for electricity, developing countries are facing large-scale load shedding (LS). An innovative algorithm is also proposed for the optimal sizing of a dispatchable generator (DG) that can supply the DRSREOD-based HEMS during LS hours to ensure an uninterrupted supply of power. The proposed MOGA/PO-based algorithm enables consumers to select a DG of the optimal size from among a number of optimal choices based on tradeoffs between the DG size, CE, and TBD.
Bilal Hussain; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Nadeem Javaid; Mohsen Guizani; Ahmad Almogren; Atif Alamri. An Innovative Heuristic Algorithm for IoT-Enabled Smart Homes for Developing Countries. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 15550 -15575.
AMA StyleBilal Hussain, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Nadeem Javaid, Mohsen Guizani, Ahmad Almogren, Atif Alamri. An Innovative Heuristic Algorithm for IoT-Enabled Smart Homes for Developing Countries. IEEE Access. 2018; 6 ():15550-15575.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilal Hussain; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Nadeem Javaid; Mohsen Guizani; Ahmad Almogren; Atif Alamri. 2018. "An Innovative Heuristic Algorithm for IoT-Enabled Smart Homes for Developing Countries." IEEE Access 6, no. : 15550-15575.
The traditional power grid is inadequate to overcome modern day challenges. As the modern era demands the traditional power grid to be more reliable, resilient, and cost-effective, the concept of smart grid evolves and various methods have been developed to overcome these demands which make the smart grid superior over the traditional power grid. One of the essential components of the smart grid, home energy management system (HEMS) enhances the energy efficiency of electricity infrastructure in a residential area. In this aspect, we propose an efficient home energy management controller (EHEMC) based on genetic harmony search algorithm (GHSA) to reduce electricity expense, peak to average ratio (PAR), and maximize user comfort. We consider EHEMC for a single home and multiple homes with real-time electricity pricing (RTEP) and critical peak pricing (CPP) tariffs. In particular, for multiple homes, we classify modes of operation for the appliances according to their energy consumption with varying operation time slots. The constrained optimization problem is solved using heuristic algorithms: wind-driven optimization (WDO), harmony search algorithm (HSA), genetic algorithm (GA), and proposed algorithm GHSA. The proposed algorithm GHSA shows higher search efficiency and dynamic capability to attain optimal solutions as compared to existing algorithms. Simulation results also show that the proposed algorithm GHSA outperforms the existing algorithms in terms of reduction in electricity cost, PAR, and maximize user comfort.
Hafiz Majid Hussain; Nadeem Javaid; Sohail Iqbal; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Khursheed Aurangzeb; Musaed Alhussein. An Efficient Demand Side Management System with a New Optimized Home Energy Management Controller in Smart Grid. Energies 2018, 11, 190 .
AMA StyleHafiz Majid Hussain, Nadeem Javaid, Sohail Iqbal, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Musaed Alhussein. An Efficient Demand Side Management System with a New Optimized Home Energy Management Controller in Smart Grid. Energies. 2018; 11 (1):190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Majid Hussain; Nadeem Javaid; Sohail Iqbal; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Khursheed Aurangzeb; Musaed Alhussein. 2018. "An Efficient Demand Side Management System with a New Optimized Home Energy Management Controller in Smart Grid." Energies 11, no. 1: 190.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common childhood diseases which, if not carefully mitigated, can pose menacing risks like hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, ultimately leading to heart disease, kidney failure and other life-threatening complications. In order to reduce these risks, two existing control schemes are implemented with the purpose of simulation-based comparative analysis between linear and nonlinear control strategies. In this regards, H1 is selected as a nonlinear strategy whereas lead-lag compensation is the choice from the class of classical linear strategies. The designed control scheme consists of three main components: a controller, an Insulin Feedback Loop (IFL) and a Safety Mechanism (SM). IFL is designed such that it modifies the loop gain for the reduction of postprandial hypoglycemia risks, and the SM predicts the future glucose levels and acts accordingly by modifying the controller output to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The comparison of the transient and dynamic performances in terms of rise time, settling time and overshoot of both controllers is analysed. It is observed that the H1 gives a far sturdy response as compared to the lead-lag controller.
Hajra Arif; Sana Shuja; Shehryar Imtiaz; Ali Khaqan; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik; Junaid Ahmed; Raja Ali Riaz. Risks reduction control techniques analysis in type-1 diabetes. Biomedical Research 2018, 29, 1 .
AMA StyleHajra Arif, Sana Shuja, Shehryar Imtiaz, Ali Khaqan, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Shahzad A. Malik, Junaid Ahmed, Raja Ali Riaz. Risks reduction control techniques analysis in type-1 diabetes. Biomedical Research. 2018; 29 (8):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHajra Arif; Sana Shuja; Shehryar Imtiaz; Ali Khaqan; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik; Junaid Ahmed; Raja Ali Riaz. 2018. "Risks reduction control techniques analysis in type-1 diabetes." Biomedical Research 29, no. 8: 1.
A cognitive radio network has a high promise to improve spectrum utilization, through exploitation of spectrum holes from the primary network. However, in a distributed environment, employing contention based random access, collisions and unattempted slots result in waste of the discovered holes. This waste is even costlier for a CRN as resources are consumed in finding the holes. In this paper, we have proposed a self-organizing distributed CR-MAC protocol so that the contention is not required for medium access, thereby, minimizing the waste of opportunity due to collisions or for being left idle in random access, consequently, improving the spectral efficiency. This is achieved by organizing and queuing the active secondary users through a timer value and directing them in an orderly fashion to use the discovered holes. The proposed scheme successfully assigns a channel to more than 99% of the secondary users in less than 5% of the idle slots from the primary network, compared to that required in contention based random access schemes.
Irfan Latif Khan; Riaz Hussain; Adeel Iqbal; Atif Shakeel; Shakeel Alvi; Waseem Abbas; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik. Design and Evaluation of Self Organizing, Collision Free MAC Protocol for Distributed Cognitive Radio Networks. Wireless Personal Communications 2017, 99, 1081 -1101.
AMA StyleIrfan Latif Khan, Riaz Hussain, Adeel Iqbal, Atif Shakeel, Shakeel Alvi, Waseem Abbas, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Shahzad A. Malik. Design and Evaluation of Self Organizing, Collision Free MAC Protocol for Distributed Cognitive Radio Networks. Wireless Personal Communications. 2017; 99 (2):1081-1101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrfan Latif Khan; Riaz Hussain; Adeel Iqbal; Atif Shakeel; Shakeel Alvi; Waseem Abbas; Qadeer Ul Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik. 2017. "Design and Evaluation of Self Organizing, Collision Free MAC Protocol for Distributed Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Personal Communications 99, no. 2: 1081-1101.
Smart grid plays a significant role in decreasing of electricity consumption cost through Demand Side Management (DSM). Smart homes, a part of smart grid contributes a lot in minimizing electricity consumption cost via scheduling home appliances. However, user waiting time increases due to scheduling of home appliances. This scheduling problem is considered as an optimization problem. Meta-heuristic algorithms have attracted increasing attention in last few years for solving optimization problems. Hence, in this study we propose an efficient scheme in Home Energy Management System (HEMS) using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Cuckoo search algorithm to solve optimization problem. The proposed scheme is implemented on a single smart home and a smart building; comprising of thirty smart homes. Real Time Pricing (RTP) signals are used in term of electricity cost estimation for both single smart home and a smart building. Experimental results demonstrate the extremely effectiveness of our proposed scheme for single and multiple smart homes in terms of electricity cost and Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) minimization. Moreover, our proposed scheme obtains the desired tradeoff between electricity cost and user waiting time.
Sheraz Aslam; Rasool Bukhsh; Adia Khalid; Nadeem Javaid; Ibrar Ullah; Itrat Fatima; Qadeer Ul Hasan. An Efficient Home Energy Management Scheme Using Cuckoo Search. Advances on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing 2017, 167 -178.
AMA StyleSheraz Aslam, Rasool Bukhsh, Adia Khalid, Nadeem Javaid, Ibrar Ullah, Itrat Fatima, Qadeer Ul Hasan. An Efficient Home Energy Management Scheme Using Cuckoo Search. Advances on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing. 2017; ():167-178.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheraz Aslam; Rasool Bukhsh; Adia Khalid; Nadeem Javaid; Ibrar Ullah; Itrat Fatima; Qadeer Ul Hasan. 2017. "An Efficient Home Energy Management Scheme Using Cuckoo Search." Advances on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing , no. : 167-178.
Goal. The aim of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis between five different controllers for a drug infusion system in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) administration. Methods. The proposed method models a dilution chamber with first order exponential decay characteristics to represent the pharmacokinetic decay of a drug. The dilution chamber is integrated with five different control techniques with a simulation-based comparative analysis performed between them. The design process is conducted using MATLAB SISOTOOL. Results. The findings show that each controller has its own merits and demerits. The results generated using MATLAB signify and confirm the effectiveness of PI and cascaded lead controllers, with cascaded lead controller as the best control technique to automate and control the propofol delivery. Conclusion. In this paper, different control techniques for measurement-based feedback-controlled propofol delivery is confirmed with promising results. Significance. The comparative analysis showed that this drug infusion platform, merged with the proper control technique, will perform eminently in the field of total intravenous anesthesia.
Zuwwar Khan Jadoon; Sobia Shakeel; Abeera Saleem; Ali Khaqan; Sana Shuja; Qadeer Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik; Raja Ali Riaz. A Comparative Analysis of PID, Lead, Lag, Lead-Lag, and Cascaded Lead Controllers for a Drug Infusion System. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017, 2017, 1 -13.
AMA StyleZuwwar Khan Jadoon, Sobia Shakeel, Abeera Saleem, Ali Khaqan, Sana Shuja, Qadeer Hasan, Shahzad A. Malik, Raja Ali Riaz. A Comparative Analysis of PID, Lead, Lag, Lead-Lag, and Cascaded Lead Controllers for a Drug Infusion System. Journal of Healthcare Engineering. 2017; 2017 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZuwwar Khan Jadoon; Sobia Shakeel; Abeera Saleem; Ali Khaqan; Sana Shuja; Qadeer Hasan; Shahzad A. Malik; Raja Ali Riaz. 2017. "A Comparative Analysis of PID, Lead, Lag, Lead-Lag, and Cascaded Lead Controllers for a Drug Infusion System." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017, no. : 1-13.