Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a gradually worsening neurodegenerative disorder affecting the nervous system, marked by a slow progression and varied symptoms. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting over six million people in the world. Its multifactorial etiology includes environmental, genomic, and epigenetic factors. Clinical symptoms consist of non-motor and motor symptoms, with motor symptoms being the classic presentation. Therapeutic approaches encompass pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical interventions. Traditional pharmacological treatment consists of administering drugs (MAOIs, DA, and levodopa), while emerging evidence explores the potential of antidiabetic agents for neuroprotection and gene therapy for attenuating parkinsonian symptoms. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as exercise, a calcium-rich diet, and adequate vitamin D supplementation, aim to slow disease progression and prevent complications. For those patients who have medically induced side effects and/or refractory symptoms, surgery is a therapeutic option. Deep brain stimulation is the primary surgical option, associated with motor symptom improvement. Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion through percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy and a portable infusion pump succeeded in reducing “off” time, where non-motor and motor symptoms occur, and increasing “on” time. This article aims to address the general aspects of PD and to provide a comparative comprehensive review of the conventional and the latest therapeutic advancements and emerging treatments for PD. Nevertheless, further studies are required to optimize treatment and provide suitable alternatives.

Endometriosis is a chronic proinflammatory pathology characterized by the growth of tissue similar to the endometrium outside the uterus, affecting approximately 5 to 15% of women worldwide. Suffering from endometriosis entails a complex pathophysiological process, significantly impacting the quality of life and reproductive function of affected women; therefore, it must be addressed in a personalized and comprehensive manner, as its management requires a multidisciplinary approach. This article aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review of endometriosis, not only as a pathophysiological condition but also as a significant factor impacting the social, nutritional, and mental well-being of those who experience it. Emphasis is placed on the importance of understanding and assessing the impact of the pathology to provide a better and more comprehensive approach, integrating various alternatives and strategic treatments for the factors involved in its development. The aim is to provide a complete overview of endometriosis, from its pathophysiology to its impact on the quality of life of patients, as well as a review of current treatment options, both pharmacological and alternative, in order to broaden the perspective on the pathology to improve the care of patients with this disease.

Vitamin D (VD) is a fat-soluble steroid hormone with essential physiological functions beyond calcium and bone metabolism. In recent years, its role in women’s reproductive health has gained attention, influencing ovarian function, follicular development, endometrial receptivity, and steroid hormone regulation. VD deficiency has been linked to reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and infertility. Studies indicate that up to 40–50% of healthy pregnant women have insufficient VD levels, which may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced fertility. With growing evidence connecting VD to reproductive health, this review examines its molecular and endocrine mechanisms in fertility, endometriosis, and PCOS. It explores VD’s therapeutic potential and its implications for improving clinical approaches and future research in reproductive medicine. Maintaining adequate VD levels is crucial for ovarian function, immune modulation in reproductive tissues, and overall fertility. Its deficiency is associated with insulin resistance, hormonal imbalances, and inflammatory processes, which contribute to reproductive pathophysiology. Establishing reference values for VD in reproductive medicine is essential for optimizing fertility treatments and improving clinical outcomes. This review synthesizes current research on VD’s role in reproductive health and highlights the need for further investigation into its therapeutic applications.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by rapid progression, profound heterogeneity, and resistance to conventional therapies. This review provides an integrated overview of GBM’s pathophysiology, highlighting key mechanisms such as neuroinflammation, genetic alterations (e.g., EGFR, PDGFRA), the tumor microenvironment, microbiome interactions, and molecular dysregulations involving gangliosides and sphingolipids. Current diagnostic strategies, including imaging, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and emerging liquid biopsy techniques, are explored for their role in improving early detection and monitoring. Treatment remains challenging, with standard therapies—surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide—offering limited survival benefits. Innovative therapies are increasingly being explored and implemented, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, dendritic and peptide vaccines, and oncolytic virotherapy. Advances in nanotechnology and personalized medicine, such as individualized multimodal immunotherapy and NanoTherm therapy, are also discussed as strategies to overcome the blood–brain barrier and tumor heterogeneity. Additionally, stem cell-based approaches show promise in targeted drug delivery and immune modulation. Non-conventional strategies such as ketogenic diets and palliative care are also evaluated for their adjunctive potential. While novel therapies hold promise, GBM’s complexity demands continued interdisciplinary research to improve prognosis, treatment response, and patient quality of life. This review underscores the urgent need for personalized, multimodal strategies in combating this devastating malignancy.

Vitamin D (VD) is a fat-soluble steroid hormone with crucial physiological functions beyond calcium and bone metabolism. In recent years, the role of VD in women’s reproductive health has garnered significant attention. It has been implicated in ovarian function, follicular development, endometrial receptivity, and the regulation of steroid hormone production. VD deficiency has been associated with a range of reproductive health disorders, including Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and infertility. Studies indicate that up to 40-50% of healthy pregnant women exhibit deficient serum VD levels, which may be linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes and impaired fertility. VD plays a key role in regulating ovarian function, promoting proper follicular development, and modulating the immune response in reproductive tissues. Its deficiency has been linked to insulin resistance, hormonal imbalances, and inflammatory processes, all of which contribute to the pathophysiology of reproductive disorders. This review synthesizes current research on VD's therapeutic potential in managing these disorders and enhancing fertility outcomes, emphasizing the importance of maintaining adequate VD levels for optimal reproductive health. Understanding the reference values for VD in reproductive medicine is essential for optimizing fertility treatments and improving clinical outcomes in women with reproductive health disorders.

Endometriosis is a systemic, estrogen dependent neuroinflammatory-mediated disease affecting approximately 10-15% of women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations include chronic pelvic pain (CPP), dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia, dysuria, and infertility. Endometriosis-associated pain is multifactorial and comprises overlapping nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain phenotypes driven by persistent inflammation, neuroangiogenesis, peripheral nerve involvement, and central sensitization (CS). These mechanisms may sustain pain beyond lesion excision, highlighting the importance of pelvic nervous system (PNS) involvement. This narrative review examines the role of neuropelveology (NP) in endometriosis, focusing on pain mechanisms, diagnostic implications, and surgical decision making. NP integrates pelvic neuroanatomy and neurophysiology into structured neurological assessment, pain mapping, symptom localization, and nerve sparing surgery. Current evidence suggests that NP may complement conventional evaluation in selected patients with refractory pain, neuropathic symptoms, discordance between symptom severity and imaging findings, or suspected involvement of the sacral plexus or sciatic nerve. Recognizing distinct pain phenotypes may support individualized treatment planning by balancing lesion excision with neural preservation and identifying patients who may benefit from multidisciplinary pain management, rehabilitation, neurolysis, or neuromodulation. Although current evidence remains limited, NP should be considered a complementary framework rather than a replacement for established endometriosis management. Prospective multicenter studies using standardized diagnostic criteria and long-term functional outcomes are needed to define its clinical utility.