Endometriosis is a chronic proinflammatory pathology characterized by the growth of tissue similar to the endometrium outside the uterus, affecting approximately 5 to 15% of women worldwide. Suffering from endometriosis entails a complex pathophysiological process, significantly impacting the quality of life and reproductive function of affected women; therefore, it must be addressed in a personalized and comprehensive manner, as its management requires a multidisciplinary approach. This article aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review of endometriosis, not only as a pathophysiological condition but also as a significant factor impacting the social, nutritional, and mental well-being of those who experience it. Emphasis is placed on the importance of understanding and assessing the impact of the pathology to provide a better and more comprehensive approach, integrating various alternatives and strategic treatments for the factors involved in its development. The aim is to provide a complete overview of endometriosis, from its pathophysiology to its impact on the quality of life of patients, as well as a review of current treatment options, both pharmacological and alternative, in order to broaden the perspective on the pathology to improve the care of patients with this disease.

Vitamin D (VD) is a fat-soluble steroid hormone with essential physiological functions beyond calcium and bone metabolism. In recent years, its role in women’s reproductive health has gained attention, influencing ovarian function, follicular development, endometrial receptivity, and steroid hormone regulation. VD deficiency has been linked to reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and infertility. Studies indicate that up to 40–50% of healthy pregnant women have insufficient VD levels, which may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced fertility. With growing evidence connecting VD to reproductive health, this review examines its molecular and endocrine mechanisms in fertility, endometriosis, and PCOS. It explores VD’s therapeutic potential and its implications for improving clinical approaches and future research in reproductive medicine. Maintaining adequate VD levels is crucial for ovarian function, immune modulation in reproductive tissues, and overall fertility. Its deficiency is associated with insulin resistance, hormonal imbalances, and inflammatory processes, which contribute to reproductive pathophysiology. Establishing reference values for VD in reproductive medicine is essential for optimizing fertility treatments and improving clinical outcomes. This review synthesizes current research on VD’s role in reproductive health and highlights the need for further investigation into its therapeutic applications.

The present review aims to analyse the current data available on the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of the minimally invasive surgical (MIS) treatment of diaphragmatic endometriosis (DE). Through the use of PubMed and Google Scholar database, we conducted a literature review of all available research related to diagnosis and treatment of DE, focussed on the minimally invasive techniques. The studies were selected independently by two authors according to the aim of this review. DE is an under-diagnosed disease affecting between 0.1% and 1.5% of fertile women. It is predominantly multiple, asymptomatic and highly associated with pelvic disease in about 50–90%. MIS techniques seems to be safe, effective and feasible in tertiary advanced endometriosis centre, offering definitive advantages in terms of hospital stay, post-operative pain and return to normal activity by using several surgical techniques as hydro-dissection plus resection, laser CO₂ vaporisation, electrical fulguration, Sugarbaker peritonectomy, partial (shaving) and full-thickness diaphragmatic resection. Symptoms control range from 85% to 100%, with less than 3% of conversion, peri-operative complications and recurrence rate. All cases must be performed by multidisciplinary teams including at least a gynaecologist, thoracic surgeon and anaesthetist. The lack of prospective evaluation of DE interferes with the understanding about the natural history of disease and treatment results. Therefore, the development of adequate evidence-based recommendations about diagnosis, management and follow-up is difficult at this moment.