This study evaluates the physical, chemical, and biological properties of wastewater—comprising domestic sewage and agricultural drainage water—both before and after treatment to assess the efficiency of the applied processes. The physical properties, including total suspended solids (TSS) and color, demonstrated significant improvements post-treatment, with TSS reduction reaching 91.4% and color removal at 99.5%, indicating the effectiveness of ultrafiltration and coagulation techniques. Chemically, the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration decreased from 838.2 to 375.5 mg·L⁻¹, aligning with environmental standards and ensuring suitability for irrigation. Additional reductions were observed in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), with removal efficiencies of 86.5% and 83.7%, respectively, highlighting the system’s capability in reducing organic pollutants. Biologically, the treatment process achieved 99.9% removal efficiencies for both Total Coliform and E. coli, meeting world health organization (WHO) guidelines for microbial safety. The water quality index (WQI) analysis classified the treated water in the “Excellent” category, demonstrating an overall enhancement in water quality. Beyond these performance evaluations, this study introduces a novel approach by employing conventional treatment techniques on a blended wastewater—comprising domestic sewage and agricultural drainage water—operated under real operational conditions to achieve safe and sustainable irrigation reuse. This study hypothesizes that the synergistic integration of ultrafiltration with sodium hypochlorite disinfection—without relying on biological treatment—can significantly enhance water quality for sustainable irrigation.

Agriculture is a key pillar of the economy, constantly facing challenges due to population growth and climate change. Enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of crop production and improving water use efficiency are essential. to evaluate air injection into subsurface drip irrigation system for zucchini production as efficient method for subsurface drip irrigation systems to improve water use efficiency (WUE), and zucchini production in heavy clay soils. Results showed that injecting air through built-in emitters using a compressor during the last third of the irrigation time maintained acceptable system performance, as measured by indicators like CV, qvar, and EU%. It also improved the physical properties of dry sieved aggregates and enhanced the availability of macronutrients, significantly improving and maintaining heavy clay soil, leading to a 27% increase in zucchini crop yields and 22% water savings compared to the control. Economic analysis indicated that air injection was a feasible option, increasing gross returns by 21% compared to the control, with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.3% for air injection versus 1.8% for the control.

Water-saving agricultural irrigation systems depend heavily on the hydraulic stability of pressure-compensating (PC) emitters, whose performance is fundamentally shaped by internal flow-path geometry. This study analyzes six commercial PC emitters (E1–E6) operated under pressures of 0.8–2.0 bar to quantify how key geometric descriptors influence hydraulic parameters critical for efficient water use, including actual discharge (q_act), discharge coefficient (k), pressure exponent (x), emission uniformity (EU), and flow variability. All emitters had discharge deviations within ±7% of nominal values. Longer and more tortuous labyrinths enhanced compensation stability, while emitters with wider cross-sections and shorter paths produced higher throughput but weaker regulation efficiency. Linear mixed-effects modeling showed that effective flow area increased k, whereas normalized path length and tortuosity reduced both k and x. Predictive equations derived from geometric indicators closely matched measured values, with deviations below ±0.05 L/h for k and ±0.05 for x. These results establish a geometry-based hydraulic framework that supports emitter selection and design in water-saving agricultural irrigation, aligning with broader Agricultural Water–Land–Plant System Engineering objectives and contributing to more efficient and sustainable water-resource utilization.

The reuse of treated wastewater for landscape irrigation offers an important strategy for reducing freshwater demand in water-scarce environments, but its long-term effects on drip irrigation systems, soil quality, and plant performance require integrated assessment. This study evaluated a 24-month drip-irrigation experiment using freshwater (FW) and treated wastewater (TW) to irrigate Duranta erecta as a landscape hedge. Hydraulic performance, soil chemical properties, plant growth, and relative leaf chlorophyll were monitored, and an Integrated Drip Irrigation System Sustainability Index (IDISSI) was developed to integrate hydraulic, soil, and plant-performance indicators. Treated wastewater caused greater deterioration in emitter performance, with relative emitter discharge decreasing to 70.286% after 24 months compared with 94.962% under FW, while emitter clogging reached 29.714% under TW compared with 5.038% under FW. Soil salinity also increased under TW, with EC in the 0–30 cm layer increasing from 1.28 to 1.46 dS m⁻¹, whereas it decreased to 1.24 dS m⁻¹ under FW. Despite these changes, plant height reached 100 cm under both irrigation treatments by 9 months, and relative leaf chlorophyll showed no significant difference between water sources (p = 0.7246). After 24 months, IDISSI was 0.802 ± 0.024 under FW and 0.407 ± 0.026 under TW (p < 0.001), with the largest difference arising from the hydraulic component. The findings demonstrate that satisfactory plant performance may coexist with deterioration in irrigation-system and soil indicators, highlighting the importance of integrating hydraulic, soil, and plant responses when assessing the long-term performance of treated-wastewater drip irrigation.