Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.

Polyphenols are natural compounds which are plant-based bioactive molecules, and have been the subject of growing interest in recent years. Characterized by multiple varieties, polyphenols are mostly found in fruits and vegetables. Currently, many diseases are waiting for a cure or a solution to reduce their symptoms. However, drug or other chemical strategies have limitations for using a treatment agent or still detection tool of many diseases, and thus researchers still need to investigate preventive or improving treatment. Therefore, it is of interest to elucidate polyphenols, their bioactivity effects, supplementation, and consumption. The disadvantage of polyphenols is that they have a limited bioavailability, although they have multiple beneficial outcomes with their bioactive roles. In this context, several different strategies have been developed to improve bioavailability, particularly liposomal and nanoparticles. As nutrition is one of the most important factors in improving health, the inclusion of plant-based molecules in the daily diet is significant and continues to be enthusiastically researched. Nutrition, which is important for individuals of all ages, is the key to the bioactivity of polyphenols.

Bovine milk is an essential supplement due to its rich energy- and nutrient-rich qualities. Caseins constitute the vast majority of the proteins in milk. Among these, β-casein comprises around 37% of all caseins, and it is an important type of casein with several different variants. The A1 and A2 variants of β-casein are the most researched genotypes due to the changes in their composition. It is accepted that the A2 variant is ancestral, while a point mutation in the 67th amino acid created the A1 variant. The digestion derived of both A1 and A2 milk is BCM-7. Digestion of A2 milk in the human intestine also forms BCM-9 peptide molecule. The opioid-like characteristics of BCM-7 are highlighted for their potential triggering effect on several diseases. Most research has been focused on gastrointestinal-related diseases; however other metabolic and nervous system-based diseases are also potentially triggered. By manipulating the mechanisms of these diseases, BCM-7 can induce certain situations, such as conformational changes, reduction in protein activity, and the creation of undesired activity in the biological system. Furthermore, the genotype of casein can also play a role in bone health, such as altering fracture rates, and calcium contents can change the characteristics of dietary products. The context between opioid molecules and BCM-7 points to a potential triggering mechanism for the central nervous system and other metabolic diseases discussed.

Skin is a crucial organ for preserving the body’s equilibrium. Like other parts of the body, skin also ages due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors, leading to several signs such as wrinkles, spots, and a decline in elasticity, causing a range of issues similar to those seen elsewhere in the body. Some of these factors include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, hormonal disorders, genetic factors, loss of moisture, metabolic disorders, exposure to chemicals, and smoking. Colostrum, which is the initial foremilk, has shown positive effects on the consequences of these factors. Its content is richer than mature milk and contains several beneficial components. For instance, it includes hyaluronic acid, a molecule that binds water and keeps the skin hydrated; lactoferrin, with high antimicrobial properties; immunoglobulins, which are responsible for immunity; growth factors, which increase the amount of collagen, the main protein type of the skin; and, finally, the telomerase enzyme, which maintains the telomere’s length and, thus, decelerates the aging process. It has recently become apparent that using skin products with natural ingredients is essential. Considering its nature, contents, and effects, colostrum stands out as an excellent material for the cosmetic industry, especially for the aging sector. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to demonstrate the potential application of natural colostrum in skin health and its usage in natural cosmetic products in the cosmetic sector.

Honey is a natural and nutritious product of the honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) with low water content. Its color ranges from white to amber, with taste varying accordingly. The chemical form and viscosity of honey depend on its composition. It mainly contains sugars and water, along with proteins, enzymes, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals. Used for centuries as both food and medicine, honey also serves in alternative treatments. Its bioactive molecules such as phenolics, flavonoids, and enzymes exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Moreover, it offers cardio‐ and neuroprotective benefits, reinforcing its medicinal value. Honey promotes wound healing, infection prevention, and tissue regeneration. Its antimicrobial activity, primarily driven by hydrogen peroxide and phytochemicals, is effective against wound and burn infections. It may also relieve asthma, support digestion, and help prevent cancer. Recent studies have highlighted honey's involvement in key bioactive mechanisms, including modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of inflammatory pathways, and enhancement of cellular repair processes. Varieties such as Manuka, Tualang, and Sidr show distinct therapeutic effects depending on their botanical and geographical origins. Understanding their composition is key for developing targeted therapeutic applications. This review explores honey's composition and therapeutic potential, emphasizing its rich bioactive profile, which continues to attract scientific interest for treating various health conditions and promoting overall well‐being.

This study aimed to determine the effect of lactoferrin (LF) fortification of bovine milk on yogurt flavor and volatile compound profiles during the 21-day storage period. Experimental yogurt samples containing 750.6 mg/L of LF were produced. LF fortification increased viscosity on the first day of storage and reduced syneresis, while a * and b * showed only minor fluctuations without perceptible color differences. Flavor profile analysis revealed that the “sweet” taste was perceived at a higher intensity in LF-fortified yogurt compared to the control on the first day of storage (control: 2.89; LF-fortified: 3.75). Furthermore, the incorporation of LF influenced the textural properties of the yogurt, resulting in increased astringency during storage. The increased astringency can be explained by LF's interactions with milk proteins, which strengthen the gel network. The volatile compound profiles were generally similar between the control and LF-fortified yogurt samples. In LF-fortified yogurt samples, 2-butanone decreased by the end of storage (from 11.51 to 9.06 μg/kg), whereas benzaldehyde was detected only on day 1 (9.37 μg/kg). LF fortification of A2 yogurt is feasible and subtly improves properties while preserving quality, suggesting for value-added dairy products; further studies should assess formulations and bioactivity.