Ensuring the sustainability of forests is among the priority measures to be taken against the decline in biodiversity, which is among the world’s increasingly common concerns. This study investigated whether sustainable forest management processes are considering wildlife conservation objectives. Ten forest management processes were categorized and then analyzed for whether wildlife conservation is adequately considered. The wildlife data were grouped into four categories, with the most common being the protection of biodiversity and wildlife trade. The satisfaction level obtained according to the scoring method used was determined as the criterion of success in wildlife conservation. According to the scoring method applied, the overall success was found to be 50%. It was determined that a standard should be developed regarding the economic value of wildlife fauna and flora species and that this issue should be included in sustainable forest management strategies. Only 20 of 116 total sustainable forest management criteria considered wildlife. The African Timber Organization process, which has the most member countries, was identified as the process with the lowest number of wildlife criteria, at 2%, while the International Tropical Timber Organization process was found to have the most wildlife protection criteria at 20%. The conservation success rates for the two processes of which Türkiye is a member were also found to be quite low. It is concluded that there is a need to strengthen the place of wildlife, one of the most important living components for forests, in SFM processes both for Türkiye and internationally. The results obtained were evaluated both in terms of international criteria and practices in Türkiye. It is also recommended that future international meetings include wildlife health and diversity as a separate criterion when determining sustainable methods.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze how stakeholders’ perceptions of sustainable land use and the management of natural parks affect land management planning, with a focus on park visitors. This study was carried out in July 2019, during a period of high visitor numbers at the Belgrade Forest nature parks, as reported by the park manager. It involved evaluating participants’ knowledge about the specific natural park they visit and the organization managing it. The results show that the mode of transportation significantly influences this knowledge. Visitors who walked or drove to the park demonstrated a greater understanding of the park and its management. A visit to a nature park typically involves anticipation, planning, the visit itself, participating in activities, returning, and reflecting on past experiences. Visitors are drawn to the Belgrade Forest nature parks because of their cleanliness, family-friendly atmosphere, peacefulness, proximity, uniqueness as a green space in Istanbul, wooded areas, and suitability for sports. The study also reveals that the characteristics of nature parks, such as park amenities, distance, transportation options, and reasons for visiting, contribute to visitors’ happiness, especially affecting younger visitors between the ages of 19 and 30. These findings highlight the varied nature of visitors’ impressions after their visit, depending on their individual characteristics. In conclusion, this detailed analysis offers valuable insights to guide strategic park management efforts aimed at promoting sustainability and enhancing visitor experiences in the Belgrade Forest areas of Türkiye.

This study highlights the spatial, seasonal, and climatic variations in bird species richness across Türkiye, a country with rich avian richness situated at the intersection of major migratory routes. Bird species richness was calculated for each province. Differences between regions, Köppen–Geiger climate classes, and seasons were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis method. Non-parametric analysis of longitudinal data in factorial experiments was also employed to determine seasonal differences within regions and climate classes. The results revealed significant spatial variations in species richness, particularly between temperate and cold climate regions. While seasonal differences were generally less pronounced, they were critical for both migratory and resident bird species. Wetlands, coastal areas, and transitional habitats were identified as biodiversity hotspots for both resident and migratory birds. This study underscores the need to integrate regional, climatic, and seasonal variations into ecosystem-based management plans. Protecting critical habitats, enhancing connectivity through ecological corridors, and adopting adaptive conservation strategies are essential for sustaining Türkiye’s rich avian diversity. These results provide valuable insights for conservation planning and emphasize the importance of addressing spatial and seasonal dynamics to ensure long-term biodiversity preservation.

The relevance of this study. Biodiversity provides transboundary benefits and global conservation of biodiversity is crucial for the world. Countries can assure the protection of biodiversity thruogh international conventions. The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna has a significance of having the party of the 184 countires in the world so it is one of the most protective conventions with the highest number of parties among all biodiversity conventions. When just a turtle is considered, while one country in the world demands to eat its meat, another country conducts scientific research with its skeleton, blood and body secretions, and another country collects antiques from its shell. While this functionality is possible even for only one terrestrial species, in this regard, preventing illegal activities in ecotourism would be a great favor to the nature. The main problems. Because of the need of inspiration for the inventions, discovering new places and gaining the universal vision; people see tourism as a primary need for humanity. From the perspective of biodiversity, preservation of ecological balance is crucial for greater resilience; tourism and biodiversity should be considered together. In recent years, as people have begun to realize the value of nature, concerns about the future have begun to increase. It has been seen that everything natural and unnatural that serves human beings needs to be examined in a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary approach. From souvenirs to interior architectural design, from types of food to clothing, from antiques to scientific research, from medicines to cosmetics; flora and fauna species that are endangered or vulnerable to extinction should be recognized. The following tasks. In this regard the following tasks are; to emphasize the importance of protecting forests, which are the habitats where biodiversity is most prevalent, in order to approach the issue on the basis of wildlife conservation. To remind that the most basic and legal infrastructure that ensures the protection of biodiversity is environmental conventions. For this reason, introducing Türkiye authorities of the CITES Convention and evaluating the liabilities of the Convention in terms of Türkiye’s implementations. The aim of research. The fact that the sustainability of biodiversity is linked to the human activities shows that humans also have a role to play in its conservation. The main purpose of the research is to analysis of touristic activities managed in accordance with the CITES Convention in terms of Türkiye. The paper concluded. It is concluded that a more properly intervened and effectively preserved ecological balance will bring maximum touristic benefits. It is expected that the importance of the Convention in terms of the tourism will be understood and kept up to date for future plannings. The novelty. The novelty of the analyzed topic is that touristic activity permissions in the forests and protected areas can cause the destroying or jeopardizing the wildlife shall not be included enough within the scope of plannings either. The main causes of biodiversity loss include: negligence of forest visitors, insufficient training for tourism agencies, and that the CITES Convention has not been fully integrated into the subject. As the result. Türkiye has a rich diversity of species and habitats which is more than enough to promote eco-tourism. The requirements to effectively combat bio-smuggling are expressed in terms of tourism activities. Tourism-focused solutions were proposed and measures that can be taken against human pressure were discussed in line with Türkiye’s current fauna and flora diversity data. The used methodology. In the recent years, all approaches to the conservation of biodiversity are of great value. Research with the right methodology will produce quick solutions. In this research, approaches that bring together two different disciplines were adopted. Document analysis, systematic analysis, comparative analysis, logical – analytical and meta – analysis methods were used. Актуальність даного дослідження. Біорізноманіття забезпечує транскордонні переваги і глобальне збереження біорізноманіття має вирішальне значення для світу. Країни можуть забезпечити захист біорізноманіття за допомогою міжнародних конвенцій. Конвенція про міжнародну торгівлю видами дикої флори та фауни, що перебувають під загрозою зникнення, має значення, оскільки її стороною є 184 країни світу, тому вона є однією з конвенцій із найбільшим захистом із найбільшою кількістю сторін серед усіх конвенцій про біорізноманіття. Якщо говорити лише про черепаху, тоді як одна країна світу вимагає їсти її м’ясо, інша країна проводить наукові дослідження її скелета, крові та виділень тіла, а інша країна збирає антикваріат з її панцира. Хоча ця функція можлива навіть лише для одного наземного виду, у зв’язку з цим запобігання незаконній діяльності в екотуризмі було б великою користю для природи. Основні проблеми. Через потребу в натхненні для винаходів, відкриття нових місць і отримання універсального...