Only advances that occurred from 2011 to 2014 that either strengthen the previous 2011 guidelines [1,2] or lead to changes or additional guidelines are reviewed here. Advances and modifications in the treatment of advanced metastatic disease is only briefly dealt with here as it is covered in a separate paper in this issue, similar to the 2011 guideline format [3]. The format used here is the same as that used in the 2011 guidelines with page references to the appropriate paper inserted [1,2]. This document is meant as a supplement to these guidelines and does not reiterate all of the points made in the previous guidelines, only changes, supporting findings or modifications of the 2011 guidelines are thus covered here.

Introduction: All epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among the Polish general population. Since vitamin D deficiency was shown to be among the risk factors for many diseases and for all-cause mortality, concern about this problem led us to update the previous Polish recommendations. Methods: After reviewing the epidemiological evidence, case-control studies and randomized control trials (RCTs), a Polish multidisciplinary group formulated questions on the recommendations for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency both for the general population and for the risk groups of patients. The scientific evidence of pleiotropic effects of vitamin D as well as the results of panelists’ voting were reviewed and discussed. Thirty-four authors representing different areas of expertise prepared position statements. The consensus group, representing eight Polish/international medical societies and eight national specialist consultants, prepared the final Polish recommendations. Results: Based on networking discussions, the ranges of total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration indicating vitamin D deficiency [<20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L)], suboptimal status [20–30 ng/mL (50–75 nmol/L)], and optimal concentration [30–50 ng/mL (75–125 nmol/L)] were confirmed. Practical guidelines for cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) as the first choice for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency were developed. Calcifediol dosing as the second choice for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency was introduced. Conclusions: Improving the vitamin D status of the general population and treatment of risk groups of patients must be again announced as healthcare policy to reduce a risk of spectrum of diseases. This paper offers consensus statements on prophylaxis and treatment strategies for vitamin D deficiency in Poland.

This ENETS guidance paper for well‐differentiated nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NF‐Pan‐NET) has been developed by a multidisciplinary working group, and provides up‐to‐date and practical advice on the management of these tumours. Using the extensive experience of centres treating patients with NF‐Pan‐NEN, the authors of this guidance paper discuss 10 troublesome questions in everyday clinical practice. Our many years of experience in this field are still being verified in the light of the results of new clinical, which set new ways of proceeding in NEN. The treatment of NF‐Pan‐NEN still requires a decision of a multidisciplinary team of specialists in the field of neuroendocrine neoplasms.

This review describes precisely the consequence of TGFβ1 prevalence in the organism, and its significant influence on physiological and pathophysiological processes. Organ and tissue distinctiveness hinder unambiguous characterisation of the cytokine. However, there are constant functions of TGFβ1 inducing no controversy: it participates in foetal development, control of cell growth and differentiation, induces fibrosis and scar formation (the process of 'wound healing'), causes the suppression of immune response, is involved in angiogenesis, the development of tumours, and inflammatory processes. Thus, TGFβ1 is a multifunctional cytokine. There are three fundamental directions of its activities: I. TGFβ1 regulates cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and cells movement. II. TGFβ1 has immunomodulatory effects. III. TGFβ1 has profibrogenic effects. TGFβ1 action can be local and systemic. This review describes TGFβ1 in pathology: colitis ulcerosa, Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic foot, pulmonary hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. TGFβ1 and its receptors are also of interest to endocrinologists. Lack of TGFβ1-dependent growth control may result in oncogenesis: papillary, follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancers, prostate, breast and uterine cervical cancer, oesophagus, gastric, colorectal and liver cancers, NSCLC, and malignant melanoma. Excessive TGFβ1 activity is an integral part of the fibrotic processes occurring in the response to injury. An increased TGFβ1 expression has been observed in patients with pulmonary, kidney, and liver fibrosis. In chronic hepatitis, the prolonged stimulation of hepatic stellate cells being the result of chronic damage to hepatocytes results in the release of profibrogenic abundant factors such as TGFβ1 and leads to the development of liver cirrhosis. The results of experimental procedures and treatment known as anti-TGFβ1 strategy acting against the fibrosis in various tissues leads to hope regarding the use of anti-TGFβ1 strategy in clinical practice.