One of the main stages of cryopreservation of meristematic tissues in vegetative plants is a clonal micropropagation, which includes isolating the explants of the raw material in vitro and optimizing the culture medium for micropropagation. As the result of our studies, the optimal periods for in vitro micropropagation are: first - isolation of explants from initiated shoots of dormant buds (blackcurrants and raspberries) in January-March; the second - from actively growing shoots (blackcurrants and raspberries) in May-June, from the formed mustache (strawberry) in July-August. The optimal drugs for sterilization of raspberry explants are: a) 0.1% HgCl₂ (6 min), then 3% H₂O₂ (15 min); b) chlorine-containing bleach «Domestos» in the dilution of H₂O 1:9 (10 min). For blackcurrant: a) 0.1% HgCl₂ (5 min) in combination with 0.1% fungicide “Topaz” (30 min); b) 0.1% HgCl₂ (5 min) in combination with the treatment with KMnO₄ (30 min); c) “Domestos” in the dilution of H₂O 1:5 (20 min). For strawberry: a) 0.1% HgCl₂ (6 min) followed by treatment with 3% H₂O₂ 10 (min); b) 1% deochlor (7 min), 3% H₂O₂ (10 min); c) “Domestos” in the dilution of H₂O 1:5 (8 min) with subsequent treatment 0,1% HgCl₂ -7 min, then 0,20 mg/l КМnO₄ - 30 min. Optimal compositions of culture media for micropropagation of blackcurrant - Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.5 mg L^-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L^-1 GA₃, 0.1 mg L^-1 IBA and 20 g L^-1 glucose. For raspberry -MS medium with 0.5 mg L^-1 BAP, 0.1 mg L^-1 IBA, 10 mg L^-1 iron chelate and 30 g L^-1 sucrose. For strawberry - MS medium with 0.3 mg L^-1 BAP, 0.01 mg L^-1 IBA, 0.2 mg L^-1 GA₃, 10 mg L^-1 iron chelate and 30 g L^-1 sucrose. Based on these studies, the cryobank was created, which include the germplasm of in vitro meristematic tissues in 66 cultivars, hybrids and wild-growing forms of blackcurrant, raspberry and strawberry. Therefore, the aim of the research was to obtain aseptic plants, clonal micropropagation and the creation of a cryogenic collection of germplasm based on the developed technology.

At each stage of plant clonal micropropagation appear difficulties, such as a failed sterilization, poor reproduction, abnormal development of microplants and phenolic oxidation plants in a nutrient medium. The consequences of such failures can lead to plant necrosis, and sometimes death. Successful micropropagation of plants depends on several internal and external factors, including ex vitro and in vitro conditions. It is important to create optimal conditions at each stage of micropropagation to achieve a high multiplication coefficient of in vitro plants. The article presents the results of improving the technology of clonal micropropagation of apple plants at different stages. Experiments conducted have shown that apple shoots are effectively sterilized with 0,2% HgCl2 at an exposure of 4 min. In this case, the number of explants capable of regenerating is 76% for variety Golden Delicious, 85% for variety Voskhod, 75% for variety Maksat. The best medium for isolating explants is MS medium containing double amount of iron chelate; vitamin C -1.5 mg/l; polyvinylpyrralidone - 250 mg/l; glycine - 2 mg/l; BAP - 0.5 mg/l; The IMC is 0.1 mg/l, 79% of regenerating apple shoots were obtained with such a composition of the nutrient medium. The optimal medium for micropropagation of apple is the mineral basis of MS with a hormonal composition: 1.0 mg/l BAP, 0.1 mg/l IMC, 0.1 mg/l HA. The multiplication coefficient of the studied cultivars ranged from 4 to 13 depending on the genotype. 36 cultivars and 9 wild forms of apple are introduced into in vitro culture and propagated. Key words: clonal micropropagation, in vitro, sterilization, nutrient medium, apple. Өсімдіктерді клонды микрокөбейтудің әр сатысында сәтсіз залалсыздандыру, әлсіз көбею, микроөсімдіктердің аномальды өзгерістері, сонымен қатар өсімдіктердің қоректік ортада фенолдық қышқылдануы тәрізді қиындықтар туады. Осындай сәтсіздіктердің соңы өсімдіктердің қараюына (некроз), ал кей жағдайда жоғалуына әкеп соғады. Өсімдіктерді сәтті микрокөбейту бірнеше ішкі және сыртқы факторларға, сондай-ақ ex vitro және in vitro жағдайына да байланысты болады. Іn vitro жағдайында өсімдікті көбейтудің жоғары коэффициентіне қол жеткізу үшін клонды микрокөбейтудің әр бір сатысында оңтайлы жағдай жасау маңызды. Мақалада әр түрлі кезеңде алма өсімдіктерін клонды микрокөбейту технологиясын жетілдіру нәтижелері баяндалған. Жүргізілген эксперименттер алманың микроөскін HgCl2 0,2% 4 минуттық экспозицияда залалсыздандырған тиімді екендігін көрсетті. Бұл жағдайда регенерацияға қабілетті экспланттар саны Голден Делишес сортында - 76%, Восход - 85%, Максат - 75% құрады. Құрамында екі еселенген темір хелаты; С дәрумен -1,5 мг/л; поливинилпирралидон – 250 мг/л; глицин – 2 мг/л; БАП – 0,5 мг/л; ИМҚ – 0,1 мг/л МС қоректік ортасы экспланттарды қоректік ортағы оқшаулауға ең абзалы (регенерацияға қабілетті 79% алма өскін алынды). Клонды микрокөбейтуге оңтайлы қоректік орта - МС минералдық ортасы, құрамында: 1,0 мг/л БАП, 0,1 мг/л ИМҚ, 0,1 мг/л ГҚ. Іn vitro ортасына алманың 36 сорты және 9 жабайы формалары енгізілді және көбейтілді. Кілт сөздер: клонды микрокөбейту, in vitro, залалсыздандыру, қоректік орта, алма. На каждом этапе клонального микроразмножения растений появляются трудности, такие как неудачная стерилизация, слабое размножение, аномальные развития микрорастений, а также фенольное окисление растений в питательной среде. Последствия таких неудач могут привести к некрозу растений, а иногда и гибели. Успешное микроразмножение растений зависит от нескольких внутренних и внешних факторов, включая условия ex vitro и in vitro. Для достижения высокого коэффициента размножения растений in vitro важно создавать оптимальные условия на каждом этапе клонального микроразмножения. В статье представлены результаты усовершенствования технологии клонального микроразмножения растений яблони на различных этапах. Проведённые эксперименты показали, что побеги яблони эффективно стерилизовать 0,2% HgCl2 в экспозиции 4 мин. В этом случае количество эксплантов способных регенерировать...

Viral infections in stone fruit crops cause substantial economic losses across all sectors of production. Despite their significance, viruses affecting stone fruits remain under-investigated in Kazakhstan. Among these, plum pox virus (PPV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae), commonly known as Sharka, is the most critical viral pathogen worldwide, severely threatening the sustainable cultivation of stone fruits and posing risks to food security. This study aimed to evaluate virus management strategies in stone fruit crops to facilitate the production of healthy planting material from valuable genotypes. Field surveys were conducted in plum and apricot orchards located in the Almaty region (Southeast Kazakhstan) and the Saryagash region (Southern Kazakhstan). Plant samples were tested for the presence of the following viruses: apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), apple mosaic virus (ApMV), PPV, prune dwarf virus (PDV), prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), and myrobalan latent ringspot virus (MLRSV). Real-time RT-PCR diagnostics confirmed the presence of PPV in the ‘Stanley’ and ‘Ansar’ cultivars and Prunus armeniaca genotypes, while both PPV and ACLSV were detected in the ‘Ayana’ variety. Chemotherapy (Ribavirin), thermotherapy, cryotherapy, and shoot apical meristem (SAM) culture, both individually and in combination, were used to eliminate viruses and regenerate virus-free plants. Successful virus eradication was achieved for PPV and ACLSV. However, the ‘Stanley’ and ‘Ansar’ cultivars did not survive the treatment process, likely due to high thermo- or cryo-sensitivity. As a result of this research, an in vitro collection of virus-free plants was established, comprising eight rootstocks, six plum cultivars, and three apricot genotypes.

The southern region of Kazakhstan represents the northernmost boundary of the natural habitat of five wild almond species, among which Amygdalus communis L. is of particular interest due to a range of favorable traits for use in breeding programs and cultivation in the region. The current distribution range of common almond growth was clarified using GPS to determine precise coordinates, and a schematic map was developed. Monitoring revealed a significant reduction in population size. In the surveyed areas, 54 trees were selected and described. Seed material was collected from 34 genotypes and characterized according to a descriptor. Genotypes A3, A8, and A15 were identified as having favorable trait combinations. To restore populations and preserve the gene pool of Amygdalus communis L., a method of clonal micropropagation was employed. The composition of the nutrient medium was optimized for establishment, multiplication, and rhizogenesis. It was determined that Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without phytohormones is effective for in vitro establishment (70% regeneration rate). For multiplication, MS medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) was used (with a multiplication rate of 3.5 per explant). For rhizogenesis, MS medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP, 0.02 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA), and 0.1 mg/L IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) was used. A total of 340 clonal Amygdalus communis L. plants with closed root systems were grown for field collection. The research results can be applied for the restoration, propagation, and conservation of populations both in vitro and in situ, as well as for the inclusion of selected high-performing genotypes in breeding programs.

Миндаль известен не только по своему экономическому значению, но и благодаря своей способности адаптироваться к сложным факторам окружающей среды, таким как: жара и засуха, присутствующим в регионе их произрастания. На территории Республики Казахстан миндаль обыкновенный относится к исчезающим популяциям, что обуславливает необходимость их восстановления и сохранения. Для восстановления регрессирующих популяций миндаля обыкновенного в Казахстане впервые разработана технология размножения в культуре in vitro, что позволяет ускоренно и в массовом количестве получать посадочный материал, в то же время, не нанося вреда материнским деревьям. Для получения асептических растений лучше использовать пророщенные из одревесневших черенков зеленые побеги с 2-3 почками. Эффективный способ стерилизации от сапрофитной микрофлоры – последовательная обработка водным раствором отбеливателя «Белизна» (1:1) в течение 10 мин, раствором 0,1% HgCl2 5 мин, 3 раза стерильной дистиллированной водой. Оптимальная среда для введения in vitro – МС без гормонов, для клонального микроразмножения – МС, содержащая 1,0 мг/л БАП, 0,02 мг/л ИМК и 30 г/л сахарозы. При этом коэффициент размножения достигает в среднем 2,8, а длина побегов за 4-6 недель – 5,0-6,3 см.

The need for the increasing geographical spread of fire blight (FB) affecting fruit crops to be addressed led to large-scale chemicalization of the environmental matrices and reduction of plant productivity. The current study aimed to assess the effects of novel biopreparations at different exposure durations on photosynthetic pigment content and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of apple and pear varieties with varying levels of resistance to FB. Biopreparations were formulated from a cultural broth containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei M12 or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB40 isolated from apple trees’ phyllosphere. Aseptic leaves from blight-resistant (endemic Malus sieversii cv. KG10), moderately resistant (Pyrus pyraster cv. Wild), and susceptible (endangered Malus domestica cv. Aport and Pyrus communis cv. Shygys) varieties were employed. The impact of biopreparations on fruit crop antioxidant systems and photosynthetic apparatuses was investigated in vitro. Study results indicated that FB-resistant varieties exhibit enhanced adaptability and oxidative stress resistance compared to susceptible ones. Plant response to biopreparations varied based on the plant’s initial FB sensitivity and exposure duration. Indeed, biopreparations improved the adaptive response of the assimilation apparatus, protein synthesis, and catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in susceptible varieties, suggesting that biopreparations have the potential for future commercialization to manage FB in fruit crops.