Network anomaly detection aims to identify network anomalies, and it has obtained many achievements using the supervised classification technique. Since the supervised classifier depends on the prior data, it is difficult to accurately classify the rare anomalies when they account less in the training set. Data augmentation can tackle the imbalanced training set problem through creating artificial rare anomaly samples. However, the existing data augmentation methods either ignore the data distribution or ignore the spatial knowledge between features. Therefore, this paper addresses this issue by proposing a Network Anomaly Detection Scheme based on feature Representation and data Augmentation (NADS-RA). Re-circulation Pixel Permutation strategy is first designed as feature representation strategy to construct images, and it rotates each feature left by the times of feature number to maintain the spatial knowledge between original network traffic features. An image-based augmentation strategy is thus designed to produce augmented images according to the distribution characteristics of rare network anomaly images with the help of Least Squares Generative Adversarial Network, which alleviates the effect of imbalanced training set and avoids over-fitting. After that, NADS-RA is implemented on the Convolutional Neural Network classification model. We conduct experiments on five public benchmark datasets, including NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15, and so on, and compare against 12 detection methods and 17 data generation methods. The experimental results demonstrate the superior effectiveness of our work to state-of-the-art methods and the general applicability in different scenarios.

Operational faults in centrifugal chillers will lead to high energy consumption, poor indoor thermal comfort, and low operational safety, and thus it is of significance to detect and diagnose the anomalies timely and effectively, especially for those at their incipient stages. The least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) has been regarded as an effective algorithm for multiclass classification. One of the most difficult issues in LSSVM is parameter tuning. Therefore, this paper reports a development of a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) optimized LSSVM method for incipient fault diagnosis in centrifugal chillers. Considering the inadequacies of conventional principle component analysis (PCA) algorithm for nonlinear data transformation, kernel principle component analysis (KPCA) was firstly employed to reduce the dimensionality of the original input data. Secondly, an optimized “one against one” multi-class LSSVM classifier was developed and its penalty constant and kernel bandwidth were tuned by GSA. Based on the fault samples of seven typical faults at their incipient stages in chillers from ASHRAE RP 1043, the proposed GSA optimized LSSVM fault diagnostic model was trained and validated. For the purpose of demonstrating the priority of the proposed fault diagnosis method, the obtained results were compared to that of using the LSSVM classifier optimized by another two algorithms, namely, the conventional cross-validation method and particle swarm optimizer. Results showed that the best fault diagnosis performance could be achieved using the proposed GSA-LSSVM classifier. The overall average fault diagnosis accuracy for the least severity faults was reported over 95%.

Centrifugal chillers have been widely used in medium- and large-scale air conditioning projects. However, equipment running with faults will result in additional energy consumption. Meanwhile, it is difficult to diagnose the minor faults of the equipment. Therefore, the Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost) algorithm was used to solve the above problem in this article. The ASHRAE RP-1043 dataset was employed for research, utilizing the feature splitting principle of XGBoost to reduce the data dimension to 23 dimensions. Subsequently, the five important parameters of the XGBoost algorithm were optimized using Multi-swarm Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization (MSPSO). The minor fault diagnosis model, MSPSO-XGBoost, was established. The results show that the ability of the proposed MSPSO-XGBoost model to diagnose eight different states is uniform, and the diagnostic accuracy of the model reaches 99.67%. The accuracy rate is significantly improved compared to that of the support vector machine (SVM) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) diagnostic models.

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) is an important application of data warehouses. With more and more spatial data being collected, such as remotely sensed images, geographical information, digital sky survey data, efficient OLAP for spatial data is in great demand. In this paper, we build up a new data warehouse structure -- PD-cube, With PD-cube, OLAP operations and queries can be efficiently implemented. All these are accomplished based on the fast logical operations of Peano Trees (P-Trees*). One of the P-tree variations, Predicate P-tree, is used to efficiently reduce data accesses by filtering out "bit holes" consisting of consecutive 0's. Experiments show that OLAP operations can be executed much faster than with traditional OLAP methods.