Salmonella has long been recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen of economic importance in animals and humans. The prevalent reservoir of Salmonella is the intestinal tract of a wide range of domestic and wild animals which may conclude in a diversity of foodstuffs of both animal and plant origin becoming infected with faecal organisms either directly or indirectly. In spite of mounting concerns about other pathogens in recent years, Salmonella remains among the leading causes of food-borne disease throughout the world. Lots of both domestic and wild animals are infected by Salmonella spp., mostly harboring the bacteria in their gastrointestinal tracts with no obvious signs of illness. Therefore, Salmonella are usually present in faeces excreted by healthy animals and many times pollute raw foods of animal origin through faecal contact during production and slaughter. The organism may also be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or humans or faecal contaminated environments. Infected food handlers may also act as a source of contamination for foodstuffs. Because of increasing antibiotic resistance of organism and companion animals, animals are important source of Salmonella infection for human. The organism can be monitored and precautions should be taken regularly by new technological methods.

An intravaginal sponge impregnated with progesterone is commonly used for estrus induction and synchronization in ewes. Although using an intravaginal sponge containing progesterone positively affects the synchronization rate, varying degrees of vaginitis occur during its application. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of various intravaginal treatment options on the vaginitis severity and pregnancy rate in Merino ewes synchronized with intravaginal sponges impregnated with progesterone. During the breeding period, 589 ewes, aged 2–6, received intravaginal sponges for 14 days. The control group (CON) received no treatment, whereas vaginal sponges absorbed with enrofloxacin (ENR), Lactobacillus plantarum (LAC), or Lactobacillus plantarum supernatant (CFS) were applied in the treatment groups. All groups received 500 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin intramuscularly. The ENR group showed lower scores in vaginal discharge and sponge odor compared with the CON, LAC, and CFS groups. Although estrus responses did not differ between groups, the pregnancy rate tended to be higher in the ENR group. In conclusion, intravaginal ENR application, but not LAC or CFS, reduced vaginitis severity and tended to increase pregnancy rates in ewes synchronized with intravaginal sponges impregnated with progesterone.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different intravaginal treatment strategies on the vaginal discharge score, vaginal microbiota, bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts in nulliparous Merino ewes. All ewes (n=45) received intravaginal sponges containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 7 days and allocated into three equal groups (n=15). Sponges were injected Lactobacillus plantarum cell-free supernatant (SUPER), enrofloxacin (ENRO), or physiologic saline (CON) prior to sponge insertion. At sponge removal, 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) were administered in all ewes. For the detection of vaginal microbiota, bacterial and Enterobactericeae counts, samples were collected prior to sponge insertion, at sponge withdrawal, and 48 h later after sponge withdrawal. Vaginal discharge score was not different in ENRO (2.26±0.18) and SUPER (2.20±0.14) compared to CON (2.46±0.16). The time-dependent alteration was significant for the mean bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae count in all groups (P

En tr The object of this study was to detect Salmonella from different chicken samples in same flocks to compare sample types for Salmonella detection by both International Organization for Standardization Method 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007 (ISO) and as molecular by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Salmonellosis is a zoonotic infection and apart from this, infection can be transmitted via vertically to embryo, and this is very important for breeding flocks. A total of 115 samples, comprised of 451 individual samples each pooled into 3, 4, 5 and 6 including 14 drag swabs, 28 pooled wet faeces, 11 pooled embryonated chicken eggs, 62 pooled cloacal swabs, were collected from 14 chicken layer breeding flocks, and tested by culture method (ISO 6579) and conventional PCR. Overall Salmonella infection rate in chicken layer breeder flocks by PCR and culture was 18.2% (21/115). According to sample type, Salmonella rate in culture positive samples were: 0% (0/14) in drag swabs, 90.9% (10/11) in embryonated chicken eggs, 21.4% (6/28) in wet faeces, 8% (5/62) in cloacal swabs. PCR results were in 100% agreement (100% sensitivity and specificity) with culture results. We determined Salmonella rate in 14 chicken layer breeder flocks by using culture and PCR methods, and the use of embryonated chicken eggs and wet faeces samples, respectively in Salmonella detection would yield reliable results. These results indicate that Salmonella screening can be done together with different types of sample. And the most reliable and high results were taken from embryonated chicken egg samples for layer breeding poultry. As a conclusion, Salmonella infection seems to be the major problem in poultry flocks in Turkey, and both conventional culture method and PCR methods were found sensitive for the detection of Salmonella from poultry with different types of sample. Bu çalışmanın amacı, aynı kümeslerden alınan farklı örnek tiplerinin, hem Uluslararası Standardizasyon Teşkilatı 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007 (ISO) kültür metotu hem de moleküler olarak polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) ile çalışılarak Salmonella teşhisi bakımından karşılaştırılmasıdır. Salmonella zoonoz bir enfeksiyondur ve ayrıca vertikal geçiş özelliğinden civcivlere geçebileceğinden dolayı, özellikle damızlık kanatlı yetiştiriciliğinde ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Çalışmamızda alınan 451 bireysel örnek; 14 adet drag svab, 28 adet pool edilmiş ıslak dışkı, 11 adet pool edilmiş embriyolu yumurta, 62 adet pool edilmiş kloakal svab, 3, 4 ve 5’li bir araya gelecek şekilde gruplandırılarak, toplam 115 adet örnekte, hem ISO 6579 kültür metotu hem de geleneksel PCR metotu ile Salmonella aranmıştır. Damızlık yumurtacı tavuklardaki Salmonella yaygınlığı, çalışılan iki metotla da %18.2 olarak bulunmuştur. Örnek tiplerine bakılarak değerlendirme yapıldığında ise kültür sonuçları; drag svablarda Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Görükle Kampüsü, 16059, Bursa, Türkiye. serpilkahya@uludag.edu.tr Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Besin Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi Anabilim Dalı, Görükle Kampüsü, 16059, Bursa, Türkiye. %0, embriyolu yumurtalarda %90.9, ıslak dışkıda %21.4 ve kloakal svablarda %8 olarak bulunmuştur. PCR sonuçları da, kültür sonuçları ile örnek tiplerine göre, yine %100 sensitivite ve spesifite ile aynı bulunmuştur. Türkiye’deki yumurtacı kümeslerde Salmonella yaygınlığı PCR ve ISO 6579 kültür metotları ile %18.2 olarak bulunmuş ve damızlık kanatlılarda Salmonella taramalarında alınabilecek en güvenli örneklerin embriyolu yumurta ve ıslak dışkı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar aslında, en yüksek oranda Salmonella tespiti yapılan örnek tipinin embriyolu yumurtalar olarak bulunmasıyla, özellikle damızlık yetiştiriciliği yapılan kanatlı sürülerinde, Salmonella teşhisinde güvenilir sonuçlar alınabilmesi için, klasik olarak kullanılan dışkı kökenli örneklerin dışında, farklı örnek tiplerinin de alınarak hep birlikte değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini de göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’deki yumurtacı tavuk kümeslerinde Salmonella enfeksiyonun önemli problem olarak varlığını sürdürmeyi devam ettiği ve hem geleneksel kültür metotu hem de PCR’ın farklı örneklerden Salmonella tespitinde güvenilir yöntemler olarak kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir.

Background: The importance of zoonotic fungal infections is increasing today and continues to increase due to changing living conditions. Methods: Between 2012 and 2019 evaluated of fungi species isolated from 51 (20.07%) of 254 samples from 10 different animal species (dog, cat, horse, cow, goat, sheep, camel, penguin, bird, rabbit) with 10 different sample types Thus, the risk of those with zoonotic characteristics was assessed. Despite fungal hyphae and/or spores were seen in 63 (24.8%) of 254 samples in the direct microscopic examination, the isolation of fungi on Sabouraud dextrose agar occurred in only 51 of these samples (20.07%). Conclusion: Of all the 51 samples, 9 (17.64%) samples had more than one fungal agent. The predominant isolate was Aspergillus spp. with an isolation rate of 24 (47.05%), followed by Malassezia spp. 11 (21.56%), Alternaria spp. 6 (11.76%), Penicillium spp. and various yeasts 4 (7.84%), Microsporum spp. 3 (5.88%), Candida spp., Mucor spp., Geotrichum spp. 2 (3.92%) and Trichophyton spp. and Rhizopus spp. 1 (1.96%). Besides, samples were examined for the presence of bacteria and one or more of the bacteria were also isolated from 14 (27.4%) of 51 samples. This assessment in the veterinary microbiology laboratory has shown that the isolated fungi agents pose a significant risk of infection for people who take care of these animals or consume animal products and pet owners.