: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), driven by socioeconomic disparities, weak healthcare systems, and inadequate pharmaceutical regulation. This review examines AMR prevalence, drivers, and consequences in SSA, emphasizing the need for urgent interventions. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, including studies published from January 2000 to June 2024. The focus was on AMR epidemiology, public health impacts, and interventions specific to SSA. High resistance rates were identified in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Key drivers include limited healthcare access; antibiotic misuse; poor surveillance; inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure; and poverty. AMR leads to increased mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs, with SSA projected to face 4.1 million AMR-related deaths annually by 2050 without action. Addressing AMR in SSA requires strengthening healthcare systems, expanding surveillance, enforcing pharmaceutical regulations, and enhancing education. International collaboration and funding are essential to mitigate AMR’s impacts and support progress toward universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), that remains one of the world’s top infectious killers with 1.5 million deaths from TB in 2021. Vitamin D suppresses the replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and showed a promising role in TB management as a result of its connection with oxidative balance. Our review encourages the possible in vivo benefit of a joint administration with other vitamins, such as vitamin A, which share a known antimycobacterial action with vitamin D. However, considering the low incidence of side effects even at high dosages and its low cost, it would be advisable to assess vitamin D level both in patients with active TB and high-risk groups and administer it, at least to reach sufficiency levels.

Introduction: Although the understanding of several aspects of long COVID-19 syndrome is increasing, there is limited literature regarding the treatment of these signs and symptoms. The aim of our systematic review was to understand which therapies have proved effective against the symptoms of long COVID-19. Methods: A systematic search for randomized controlled or clinical trials in several databases was conducted through 15 May 2022. Specific inclusion criteria included: (1) intervention studies, either randomized controlled (RCTs) or clinical trials; (2) diagnosis of long COVID-19, according to the World Health Organization criteria; (3) presence of long COVID-19 for at least 12 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: We initially found 1638 articles to screen. After removing 1602 works based on their title/abstract, we considered 35 full texts, and among them, two intervention studies were finally included. The first RCT focused on the greater improvement of treatment combining olfactory rehabilitation with oral supplementation with Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin in patients with olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19. The second study evaluated the positive impact of aromatherapy vs. standard care in adult females affected by fatigue. Conclusion: Our systematic review found only two intervention studies focused on patients affected by long COVID-19. More intervention studies are needed to investigate potentially positive interventions for long COVID-19 symptoms.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s top infectious killers, in fact every year 10 million people fall ill with TB and 1.5 million people die from TB. Vitamins have an important role in vital functions, due to their anti-oxidant, pro-oxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and to metabolic functions. The aim of this review is to discuss and summarize the evidence and still open questions regarding vitamin supplementation as a prophylactic measure in those who are at high risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and active TB; (2) Methods: We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and WHO websites starting from March 1950 to September 2021, in order to identify articles discussing the role of Vitamins A, B, C, D and E and Tuberculosis; (3) Results: Supplementation with multiple micronutrients (including zinc) rather than vitamin A alone may be more beneficial in TB. The WHO recommend Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) when high-dose isoniazid is administered. High concentrations of vitamin C sterilize drug-susceptible, MDR and extensively drug-resistant MTB cultures and prevent the emergence of drug persisters; Vitamin D suppresses the replication of mycobacterium in vitro while VE showed a promising role in TB management as a result of its connection with oxidative balance; (4) Conclusions: Our review suggests and encourages the use of vitamins in TB patients. In fact, their use may improve outcomes by helping both nutritionally and by interacting directly and/or indirectly with MTB. Several and more comprehensive trials are needed to reinforce these suggestions.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and migration are two interlinked issues and both pose an escalating threat to global health. With an increasing trend, there are 281 million migrants globally, while AMR is contributing to over 5 million deaths annually, with a projected rise to 10 million by 2050 if left unaddressed. Both AMR and migration are multifaceted problems that extend beyond human health, involving animals, plants, and the environment—a fact highlighted by the One Health approach. Objective: The aim of this work is: (1) to examine the complex relationship between migration and AMR, drawing on epidemiological data, surveillance strategies, and healthcare access challenges and (2) to address an interventional strategy proposal. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the most updated literature about migration and AMR using three primary databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Findings: Migrants, particularly from low‑ and middle‑income countries, represent a unique group at increased risk of AMR due to factors such as overcrowded living conditions, limited access to healthcare, uncontrolled use of antibiotics, and high prevalence of AMR in origin countries. Studies reveal higher rates of AMR colonization and infection among migrants compared with native populations, with specific pathogens such as MRSA and multidrug‑resistant gram‑negative bacteria posing significant risks. Migratory conditions, socioeconomic vulnerability, and healthcare barriers contribute to this heightened risk. Conclusion: To address the intersection of migration and AMR, interventions must focus on improving living conditions, enhancing healthcare access, promoting appropriate antibiotic use, and strengthening microbiological surveillance. Multisectoral collaboration is essential to mitigate the spread of AMR and safeguard both migrant and global public health.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a Global Health challenge, with diagnostic delays contributing significantly to its spread. This study investigates the differences in diagnostic delays between native and migrant TB patients in Italy, examining patient-related diagnostic delay (PDD), health system-related diagnostic delay (HDD), and total diagnostic delay (TDD). We conducted a retrospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study of TB cases in 10 Italian hospitals from 2018 to 2023. We compared PDD, HDD, and TDD between native and migrant populations. Socio-demographic data and clinical histories were analyzed to identify factors contributing to diagnostic delays. We included 669 TB patients (390 migrants and 279 natives). Migrants experienced significantly longer PDD (median 90 vs 10 days, P < 0.0001) but shorter HDD (median 5 vs 40 days, P < 0.0001) compared to natives, resulting in a longer TDD (median 96 vs 65 days, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, migrants had higher Timika scores, longer sputum conversion times, and were more frequently lost to follow-up. Migrants face longer PDD, emphasizing substantial barriers to healthcare access. Natives experience longer HDD, reflecting neglect of TB in low-endemic regions. Future research should focus on the impact of social determinants and training for healthcare providers on TB diagnosis and develop strategies to reduce diagnostic delays.