Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory drug that may prevent post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF). The effect of this drug has been inconsistently shown in previous clinical trials. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of colchicine vs. placebo to prevent POAF in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. A systematic search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted from inception till April 2023. The primary outcome was the incidence of POAF after any cardiac surgery. The secondary outcome was the rate of drug discontinuation due to adverse events and adverse gastrointestinal events. Risk ratios (RR) were reported using the Mantel Haenszel method. A total of eight RCTs comprising 1885 patients were included. There was a statistically significant lower risk of developing POAF with colchicine vs. placebo (RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.59–0.82; P < 0.01, I² = 0%), and this effect persisted across different subgroups. There was a significantly higher risk of adverse gastrointestinal events (RR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.38–3.51; P < 0.01, I² = 55%) with no difference in the risk of drug discontinuation in patients receiving colchicine vs. placebo (RR: 1.33; 95% CI: 0.93–1.89; P = 0.11, I² = 0%). This meta-analysis of eight RCTs shows that colchicine is effective at preventing POAF, with a significantly higher risk of adverse gastrointestinal events but no difference in the rate of drug discontinuation. Future studies are required to define the optimal duration and dose of colchicine for the prevention of POAF.

The rise in incidence rates of invasive candidiasis warrants an increase in attention and efforts toward preventing and treating this virulent infection. Cardiac involvement is one of the most feared sequelae and has a poor prognosis. Despite the introduction of several novel antifungal agents over the past quarter century, complications and mortality rates due to Candida endocarditis have remained high. Although fungal endocarditis has a mechanism similar to bacterial endocarditis, no specific diagnostic criteria or algorithm exists to help guide its management. Furthermore, recent data has questioned the current guidelines recommending a combined approach of antifungal agents with surgical valve or indwelling prostheses removal. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris , a focus on improved prophylactic measures and management strategies is necessary.

BACKGROUND: We previously showed in a rat model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) reduced cardiac fibrosis and inflammation. However, macrophage-mediated mechanisms through which tVNS rescues cardiac function remain poorly understood. METHODS: We induced HFpEF in 8-week-old mice by a combination of a high-fat diet and l -NG-nitro arginine methyl ester for 5 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of tVNS or sham stimulation. At this time, we analyzed cardiac function by echocardiography and immune cell numbers by single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Our data demonstrate that HFpEF mice exhibited diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis, consistent with HFpEF, and that tVNS significantly improved HFpEF severity. Analysis of merged single-cell RNA sequencing data from control, HFpEF+sham, and HFpEF+tVNS mice showed that HFpEF was associated with the accumulation of Spp1 -expressing CCR2 (C-C chemokine receptor type 2) ⁺ cardiac resident macrophages (CRM). Furthermore, treatment with tVNS reduced the number of CCR2 ⁺ CRM and the expression of Spp1 while also inducing the expression of Igf1 in TLF ⁺ (Timd4 ⁺ [T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 ⁺ ]/Lyve1 ⁺ [Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 ⁺ ]/Folr2 ⁺ [Folate receptor 2 ⁺ ]) and MHC2 ⁺ (Major histocompatibility complex 2 ⁺ ) CRM. Global deletion of Spp1 or blockade of CCR2 ⁺ CRM recruitment improved HFpEF, whereas TLF ⁺ /MHC2 ⁺ specific deletion of Igf1 reversed the protective effect of tVNS on HFpEF. The benefits of tVNS were also abolished in the setting of disrupted acetylcholine/α7nAChR (α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) signaling, either via pharmacological inhibition of α7nAChR or choline acetyltransferase deletion in CD4 ⁺ (cluster of differentiation) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data indicate that tVNS improves HFpEF by reducing Spp1 expressing CCR2 ⁺ CRM and inducing expression of proreparative Igf1 in TLF ⁺ /MHC2 ⁺ CRM. These effects are mediated through cholinergic signaling, highlighting a neuroimmune pathway in HFpEF.

Background and Objectives: Heart failure (HF) represents a major public health challenge worldwide, with rising prevalence, high morbidity and mortality rates, and substantial healthcare costs. Non-invasive telemonitoring has emerged as a promising adjunct in HF management, yet its clinical effectiveness remains unclear. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, we summarize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) between 2004 and 2024 examining the efficacy of non-invasive telemonitoring on mortality, readmission, and quality of life (QoL) in HF. In addition, we characterize the heterogeneity of features of different telemonitoring interventions. Results: In total, 32 RCTs were included, comprising 13,294 participants. While some individual studies reported benefits, non-invasive telemonitoring demonstrated mixed effects on mortality, readmission rates, and QoL. The most common modality for interfacing with patients was by mobile application (53%), followed by web portals (22%), and stand-alone devices (19%). Periodic feedback (63%) was more common than continuous feedback (31%) or on-demand feedback (6%). Clinician reviews of patient telemonitoring data was event-triggered (44%) more commonly than based on a prespecified timeline (38%). In most designs (90%), patients played a passive role in telemonitoring. Conclusions: Non-invasive telemonitoring interventions for HF exhibited considerable variation in duration and system design and had a low rate of patient engagement. Future work should focus on identifying telemonitoring-responsive subgroups and refining telemonitoring strategies to complement traditional HF care.