Women have an over 50% greater risk of dementia than men, which is a main topic of much research. This review aims to investigate the impact of a woman’s reproductive history on dementia risk. The consequences of stillbirth are long-term health and psychosocial problems for women. Because of the awareness of an endangered pregnancy, many parents experience deep anxiety and stress in subsequent pregnancies. There are contradictory conclusions from research about abortion and the risk of dementia correlation. When it comes to the late age of first birth, which is said to be above 35 years old, it was observed that older mothers have a decreased risk of dementia compared to those who gave birth in their 20s; however, being a child of the older mother is connected with a higher risk of developing dementia. Using hormonal contraception can result in decreased risk of dementia as estrogen stimulates microglia-related Aβ removal and reduces tau hyperphosphorylation. The influence of postmenopausal hormonal therapy and the duration of the reproductive period on developing dementia remains unclear. Although female disorders like endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are reported to increase the risk of dementia, the research on this topic is very limited, especially when it comes to endometriosis, and needs further investigation. Interestingly, there is no conclusion on whether hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increase the risk of dementia, but most articles seem to confirm this theory.

Dendrimers are covalently bonded globular nanostructures that may be used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nowadays, AD therapies are focused on improving cognitive functioning and not causal treatment. However, this may change with the use of dendrimers, which are being investigated as a drug-delivery system or as a drug per se. With their ability to inhibit amyloid formation and their anti-tau properties, they are a promising therapeutic option for AD patients. Studies have shown that dendrimers may inhibit amyloid formation in at least two ways: by blocking fibril growth and by breaking already existing fibrils. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are abnormal filaments built by tau proteins that can be accumulated in the cell, which leads to the loss of cytoskeletal microtubules and tubulin-associated proteins. Cationic phosphorus dendrimers, with their anti-tau properties, can induce the aggregation of tau into amorphous structures. Drug delivery to mitochondria is difficult due to poor transport across biological barriers, such as the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is highly negatively polarized. Dendrimers may be potential nanocarriers and increase mitochondria targeting. Another considered use of dendrimers in AD treatment is as a drug-delivery system, for example, carbamazepine (CBZ) or tacrine. They can also be used to transport siRNA into neuronal tissue and to carry antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs to act protectively on the nervous system.

Endometriosis is a widely spread disease that affects about 8% of the world’s female population. This condition may be described as a spread of endometrial tissue apart from the uterine cavity, but this process’s pathomechanism is still unsure. Apart from classic endometriosis symptoms, which are pelvic pain, infertility, and bleeding problems, there are neuropsychiatric comorbidities that are usually difficult to diagnose. In our review, we attempted to summarize some of them. Conditions like migraine, anxiety, and depression occur more often in women with endometriosis and have a significant impact on life quality and pain perception. Interestingly, 77% of endometriosis patients with depression also have anxiety. Neuroimaging gives an image of the so-called endometriosis brain, which means alternations in pain processing and cognition, self-regulation, and reward. Genetic factors, including mutations in KRAS, PTEN, and ARID1A, influence cellular proliferation, differentiation, and chromatin remodeling, potentially exacerbating lesion severity and complicating treatment. In this review, we focused on the aspects of sciatic and obturator nerve endometriosis, the emotional well-being of endometriosis-affected patients, and the potential influence of endometriosis on dementia, also focusing on prolonged diagnosis. Addressing endometriosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing molecular insights, innovative therapies, and attention to its psychological and systemic effects.