Dendrimers are covalently bonded globular nanostructures that may be used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nowadays, AD therapies are focused on improving cognitive functioning and not causal treatment. However, this may change with the use of dendrimers, which are being investigated as a drug-delivery system or as a drug per se. With their ability to inhibit amyloid formation and their anti-tau properties, they are a promising therapeutic option for AD patients. Studies have shown that dendrimers may inhibit amyloid formation in at least two ways: by blocking fibril growth and by breaking already existing fibrils. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are abnormal filaments built by tau proteins that can be accumulated in the cell, which leads to the loss of cytoskeletal microtubules and tubulin-associated proteins. Cationic phosphorus dendrimers, with their anti-tau properties, can induce the aggregation of tau into amorphous structures. Drug delivery to mitochondria is difficult due to poor transport across biological barriers, such as the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is highly negatively polarized. Dendrimers may be potential nanocarriers and increase mitochondria targeting. Another considered use of dendrimers in AD treatment is as a drug-delivery system, for example, carbamazepine (CBZ) or tacrine. They can also be used to transport siRNA into neuronal tissue and to carry antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs to act protectively on the nervous system.

Endometriosis is a widely spread disease that affects about 8% of the world’s female population. This condition may be described as a spread of endometrial tissue apart from the uterine cavity, but this process’s pathomechanism is still unsure. Apart from classic endometriosis symptoms, which are pelvic pain, infertility, and bleeding problems, there are neuropsychiatric comorbidities that are usually difficult to diagnose. In our review, we attempted to summarize some of them. Conditions like migraine, anxiety, and depression occur more often in women with endometriosis and have a significant impact on life quality and pain perception. Interestingly, 77% of endometriosis patients with depression also have anxiety. Neuroimaging gives an image of the so-called endometriosis brain, which means alternations in pain processing and cognition, self-regulation, and reward. Genetic factors, including mutations in KRAS, PTEN, and ARID1A, influence cellular proliferation, differentiation, and chromatin remodeling, potentially exacerbating lesion severity and complicating treatment. In this review, we focused on the aspects of sciatic and obturator nerve endometriosis, the emotional well-being of endometriosis-affected patients, and the potential influence of endometriosis on dementia, also focusing on prolonged diagnosis. Addressing endometriosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing molecular insights, innovative therapies, and attention to its psychological and systemic effects.

Introduction and purpose: Obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing public health issues worldwide, with significant implications for female reproductive health. This review examines the complex relationship between obesity and infertility, emphasizing how obesity disrupts hormonal balance, metabolic processes, and ovarian function, leading to infertility. Material and methods: Medical databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for scientific papers on impact of obesity on female infertility. These were analyzed and summarized in this review. State of knowledge: The hormonal imbalances associated with obesity, such as insulin resistance and elevated androgen levels, are closely linked to ovulation disorders, particularly in conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Furthermore, obesity negatively impacts oocyte quality, endometrial receptivity, and the success of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). The review also explores potential interventions, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments, and bariatric surgery, to improve fertility outcomes in obese women. Conclusion: Addressing obesity is crucial in managing female infertility, and an integrative approach combining prevention, treatment, and ART advancements is essential for improving reproductive health. This work underscores the need for continued research and multidisciplinary collaboration to optimize fertility outcomes for obese women.

Introduction and purpose: Tension-type headache (TTH) is known to be the most prevalent form of primary headache with a 1-year prevalence of about 26%. About 3 billion people experienced tension type headaches or migraine in 2016. Prevalence rate appears to be highest at 35-39 years of age. Some patients suffer from chronic tension-type headaches (CTTH) when the pain appears during 15 days of a month for 3 months continuously. This review aims to summarize current knowledge in pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of this condition. Material and methods: Medical databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for scientific papers on the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in tension-type headache. These were analyzed and summarized in this review. State of knowledge: Pharmacological treatment of acute tension-type headache is based on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. For preventive treatment amitriptyline, opipramol and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used. Among non-pharmacological treatments we distinguish physical methods like acupuncture, myofascial trigger points therapy, extracorporeal shockwave therapy, physical exercises (aerobic and strengthening), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and yoga. Psychological therapy is an additional procedure for reducing the pain. Conclusion: However there are many possibilities of treatment both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, it is still a wide area to investigate.