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The purpose of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are to create optimum thermal comfort and appropriate indoor air quality (IAQ) for occupants. Air ventilation systems can significantly affect the health risk in indoor environments, especially those by contaminated aerosols. Therefore, the main goal of the study is to analyze the indoor airflow patterns in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and the impact of outlets/windows. The other goal of this study is to simulate the trajectory of the aerosols from a human sneeze, investigate the impact of opening windows on the number of air changes per hour (ACH) and exhibit the role of dead zones with poor ventilation. The final goal is to show the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in improving the HVAC design, such as outlet locations or airflow rate, in addition to the placement of occupants. In this regard, an extensive literature review has been combined with the CFD method to analyze the indoor airflow patterns, ACH, and the role of windows. The airflow pattern analysis shows the critical impact of inflow/outflow and windows. The results show that the CFD model simulation could exhibit optimal placement and safer locations for the occupants to decrease the health risk. The results of the discrete phase simulation determined that the actual ACH could be different from the theoretical ACH as the short circuit and dead zones affect the ACH.
Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Domenico Mazzeo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7931 .
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Stefania Palermo, Seyed Naghib, Domenico Mazzeo, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7931.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Domenico Mazzeo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2021. "The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7931.
Many complex problems require a multi-criteria decision, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that affected nearly all activities in the world. In this regard, this study aims to develop a multi-criteria decision support system considering the sustainability, feasibility, and success rate of possible approaches. Therefore, two models have been developed: Geo-AHP (applying geo-based data) and BN-Geo-AHP using probabilistic techniques (Bayesian network). The ranking method of Geo-APH is generalized, and the equations are provided in a way that adding new elements and variables would be possible by experts. Then, to improve the ranking, the application of the probabilistic technique of a Bayesian network and the role of machine learning for database and weight of each parameter are explained, and the model of BN-Geo-APH has been developed. In the next step, to show the application of the developed Geo-AHP and BN-Geo-AHP models, we selected the new pandemic of COVID-19 that affected nearly all activities, and we used both models for analysis. For this purpose, we first analyzed the available data about COVID-19 and previous studies about similar virus infections, and then we ranked the main approaches and alternatives in confronting the pandemic of COVID-19. The analysis of approaches with the selected alternatives shows the first ranked approach is massive vaccination and the second ranked is massive swabs or other tests. The third is the use of medical masks and gloves, and the last ranked is the lockdown, mostly due to its major negative impact on the economy and individuals.
Behrouz Pirouz; Aldo Ferrante; Behzad Pirouz; Patrizia Piro. Machine Learning and Geo-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems in Analysis of Complex Problems. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2021, 10, 424 .
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Aldo Ferrante, Behzad Pirouz, Patrizia Piro. Machine Learning and Geo-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems in Analysis of Complex Problems. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10 (6):424.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Aldo Ferrante; Behzad Pirouz; Patrizia Piro. 2021. "Machine Learning and Geo-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems in Analysis of Complex Problems." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6: 424.
The simulation of the ventilation and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of vehicles could be used in the energy demand management of vehicles besides improving the air quality inside their cabins. Moreover, traveling by public transport during a pandemic is a concerning factor, and analysis of the vehicle’s cabin environments could demonstrate how to decrease the risk and create a safer journey for passengers. Therefore, this article presents airflow analysis, air changes per hour (ACH), and respiration aerosols’ trajectory inside three vehicles, including a typical car, bus, and airplane. In this regard, three vehicles’ cabin environment boundary conditions and the HVAC systems of the selected vehicles were determined, and three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. The analysis of the airflow patterns and aerosol trajectories in the selected vehicles demonstrate the critical impact of inflow, outflow, and passenger’s locations in the cabins. The CFD model results exhibited that the lowest risk could be in the airplane and the highest in the bus because of the location of airflows and outflows. The discrete CFD model analysis determined the ACH for a typical car of about 4.3, a typical bus of about 7.5, and in a typical airplane of about 8.5, which were all less than the standard protocol of infection prevention, 12 ACH. According to the results, opening windows in the cars could decrease the aerosol loads and improve the low ACH by the HVAC systems. However, for the buses, a new design for the outflow location or an increase in the number of outflows appeared necessary. In the case of airplanes, the airflow paths were suitable, and by increasing the airflow speed, the required ACH might be achieved. Finally, in the closed (recirculating) systems, the role of filters in decreasing the risk appeared critical.
Behrouz Pirouz; Domenico Mazzeo; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6799 .
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Domenico Mazzeo, Stefania Palermo, Seyed Naghib, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Domenico Mazzeo; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2021. "CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6799.
Electrical and energy production have a noticeable water footprint, and buildings′ share of global energy consumption is about 40%. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts and water consumption of green roofs in a Mediterranean climate. The study aims to investigate the use of water directly for green roofs and reduce the water footprint of energy in summer and winter due to its thermal impacts. The measurements were carried out for an extensive green roof with an area of 55 m2 and a thickness of 22 cm, and direct water consumption by a green roof and direct and indirect water consumption by cooling and heating systems were analyzed. According to the analysis, in summer, the maximum roof temperature on a conventional roof was 72 °C, while under the green roof it was 30.3 °C. In winter, the minimum roof temperature on a conventional roof was −8.6 °C, while under the green roof it was 7.4 °C. These results show that green roofs affect energy consumption in summer and winter, and the corresponding thermal requirements for the building have a water footprint regarding energy production. In summer, the thermal reduction in the water footprint by a green roof was 48 m3 if an evaporative air conditioner is used and 8.9 m3 for a compression air conditioner, whereas the water consumed in the green roof was 8.2 m3. Therefore, using water directly in the green roof would reduce the energy consumption in buildings, and thus less water has to be used in power plants to provide the same thermal impact. In winter, green roofs′ water consumption was higher than the thermal water footprint; however, there is no need to irrigate the green roof as the water consumed comes from precipitation. This experimental analysis determines that in the Mediterranean climate, green roofs allow the achievement of the same thermal conditions for buildings in both summer and winter, with a reduction in water consumption.
Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Mario Maiolo; Natale Arcuri; Patrizia Piro. Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10178 .
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Stefania Palermo, Mario Maiolo, Natale Arcuri, Patrizia Piro. Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10178.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Mario Maiolo; Natale Arcuri; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10178.
The real-time control (RTC) system is a valid and cost-effective solution for urban stormwater management. This paper aims to evaluate the beneficial effect on urban flooding risk mitigation produced by applying RTC techniques to an urban drainage network by considering different control configuration scenarios. To achieve the aim, a distributed real-time system, validated in previous studies, was considered. This approach uses a smart moveable gates system, controlled by software agents, managed by a swarm intelligence algorithm. By running the different scenarios by a customized version of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), the findings obtained show a redistribution of conduits filling degrees, exploiting the whole system storage capacity, with a significant reduction of node flooding and total flood volume.
Mario Maiolo; Stefania Anna Palermo; Anna Chiara Brusco; Behrouz Pirouz; Michele Turco; Andrea Vinci; Giandomenico Spezzano; Patrizia Piro. On the Use of a Real-Time Control Approach for Urban Stormwater Management. Water 2020, 12, 2842 .
AMA StyleMario Maiolo, Stefania Anna Palermo, Anna Chiara Brusco, Behrouz Pirouz, Michele Turco, Andrea Vinci, Giandomenico Spezzano, Patrizia Piro. On the Use of a Real-Time Control Approach for Urban Stormwater Management. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2842.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Maiolo; Stefania Anna Palermo; Anna Chiara Brusco; Behrouz Pirouz; Michele Turco; Andrea Vinci; Giandomenico Spezzano; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "On the Use of a Real-Time Control Approach for Urban Stormwater Management." Water 12, no. 10: 2842.
At the outlet of the Vermicelli catchment—a peri-urban area located in the campus of University of Calabria (Cosenza, Southern Italy)—a sedimentation tank is located, aiming at collecting the basin surface runoff and improve its quality. First, experimental results of the treatment effects are here presented and analyzed. In addition, a monitoring campaign was conducted in order to characterize the particles transported by surface runoff and to determine the treatment efficiency of the tank. The analysis showed the presence of a pollutant load in the surface runoff of the Vermicelli basin and provided information on its particle-size distribution (PSD). Results were considered in terms of the treatment efficiency of the sedimentation tank, showing a good overall removal efficiency value, together with a high variability of the removal sedimentation efficiency. This variability is mainly due to the different grain size of the suspended solids and the characteristics of the rainfall event.
Salvatore Falco; Giuseppe Brunetti; Giovanna Grossi; Mario Maiolo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. Solids Removal Efficiency of a Sedimentation Tank in a Peri-Urban Catchment. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7196 .
AMA StyleSalvatore Falco, Giuseppe Brunetti, Giovanna Grossi, Mario Maiolo, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. Solids Removal Efficiency of a Sedimentation Tank in a Peri-Urban Catchment. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvatore Falco; Giuseppe Brunetti; Giovanna Grossi; Mario Maiolo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "Solids Removal Efficiency of a Sedimentation Tank in a Peri-Urban Catchment." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7196.
Nowadays, an infectious disease outbreak is considered one of the most destructive effects in the sustainable development process. The outbreak of new coronavirus (COVID-19) as an infectious disease showed that it has undesirable social, environmental, and economic impacts, and leads to serious challenges and threats. Additionally, investigating the prioritization parameters is of vital importance to reducing the negative impacts of this global crisis. Hence, the main aim of this study is to prioritize and analyze the role of certain environmental parameters. For this purpose, four cities in Italy were selected as a case study and some notable climate parameters—such as daily average temperature, relative humidity, wind speed—and an urban parameter, population density, were considered as input data set, with confirmed cases of COVID-19 being the output dataset. In this paper, two artificial intelligence techniques, including an artificial neural network (ANN) based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and differential evolution (DE) algorithm, were used for prioritizing climate and urban parameters. The analysis is based on the feature selection process and then the obtained results from the proposed models compared to select the best one. Finally, the difference in cost function was about 0.0001 between the performances of the two models, hence, the two methods were not different in cost function, however, ANN-PSO was found to be better, because it reached to the desired precision level in lesser iterations than ANN-DE. In addition, the priority of two variables, urban parameter, and relative humidity, were the highest to predict the confirmed cases of COVID-19.
Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas; Behrouz Pirouz; Behzad Pirouz; Patrizia Piro; Kyoung-Sae Na; Seo-Eun Cho; Zong Woo Geem. Prioritizing and Analyzing the Role of Climate and Urban Parameters in the Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 Based on Artificial Intelligence Applications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3730 .
AMA StyleSina Shaffiee Haghshenas, Behrouz Pirouz, Behzad Pirouz, Patrizia Piro, Kyoung-Sae Na, Seo-Eun Cho, Zong Woo Geem. Prioritizing and Analyzing the Role of Climate and Urban Parameters in the Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 Based on Artificial Intelligence Applications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3730.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSina Shaffiee Haghshenas; Behrouz Pirouz; Behzad Pirouz; Patrizia Piro; Kyoung-Sae Na; Seo-Eun Cho; Zong Woo Geem. 2020. "Prioritizing and Analyzing the Role of Climate and Urban Parameters in the Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 Based on Artificial Intelligence Applications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3730.
Sustainable development has been a controversial global topic, and as a complex concept in recent years, it plays a key role in creating a favorable future for societies. Meanwhile, there are several problems in the process of implementing this approach, like epidemic diseases. Hence, in this study, the impact of climate and urban factors on confirmed cases of COVID-19 (a new type of coronavirus) with the trend and multivariate linear regression (MLR) has been investigated to propose a more accurate prediction model. For this propose, some important climate parameters, including daily average temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, in addition to urban parameters such as population density, were considered, and their impacts on confirmed cases of COVID-19 were analyzed. The analysis was performed for three case studies in Italy, and the application of the proposed method has been investigated. The impacts of parameters have been considered with a delay time from one to nine days to find out the most suitable combination. The result of the analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model and the impact of climate parameters on the trend of confirmed cases. The research hypothesis approved by the MLR model and the present assessment method could be applied by considering several variables that exhibit the exact delay of them to new confirmed cases of COVID-19.
Behrouz Pirouz; Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas; Behzad Pirouz; Patrizia Piro. Development of an Assessment Method for Investigating the Impact of Climate and Urban Parameters in Confirmed Cases of COVID-19: A New Challenge in Sustainable Development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2801 .
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas, Behzad Pirouz, Patrizia Piro. Development of an Assessment Method for Investigating the Impact of Climate and Urban Parameters in Confirmed Cases of COVID-19: A New Challenge in Sustainable Development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2801.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas; Behzad Pirouz; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "Development of an Assessment Method for Investigating the Impact of Climate and Urban Parameters in Confirmed Cases of COVID-19: A New Challenge in Sustainable Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2801.
Nowadays, sustainable development is considered a key concept and solution in creating a promising and prosperous future for human societies. Nevertheless, there are some predicted and unpredicted problems that epidemic diseases are real and complex problems. Hence, in this research work, a serious challenge in the sustainable development process was investigated using the classification of confirmed cases of COVID-19 (new version of Coronavirus) as one of the epidemic diseases. Hence, binary classification modeling was used by the group method of data handling (GMDH) type of neural network as one of the artificial intelligence methods. For this purpose, the Hubei province in China was selected as a case study to construct the proposed model, and some important factors, namely maximum, minimum, and average daily temperature, the density of a city, relative humidity, and wind speed, were considered as the input dataset, and the number of confirmed cases was selected as the output dataset for 30 days. The proposed binary classification model provides higher performance capacity in predicting the confirmed cases. In addition, regression analysis has been done and the trend of confirmed cases compared with the fluctuations of daily weather parameters (wind, humidity, and average temperature). The results demonstrated that the relative humidity and maximum daily temperature had the highest impact on the confirmed cases. The relative humidity in the main case study, with an average of 77.9%, affected positively, and maximum daily temperature, with an average of 15.4 °C, affected negatively, the confirmed cases.
Behrouz Pirouz; Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas; Patrizia Piro. Investigating a Serious Challenge in the Sustainable Development Process: Analysis of Confirmed cases of COVID-19 (New Type of Coronavirus) Through a Binary Classification Using Artificial Intelligence and Regression Analysis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2427 .
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas, Patrizia Piro. Investigating a Serious Challenge in the Sustainable Development Process: Analysis of Confirmed cases of COVID-19 (New Type of Coronavirus) Through a Binary Classification Using Artificial Intelligence and Regression Analysis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2427.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "Investigating a Serious Challenge in the Sustainable Development Process: Analysis of Confirmed cases of COVID-19 (New Type of Coronavirus) Through a Binary Classification Using Artificial Intelligence and Regression Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2427.
Urbanization affects ecosystem health and downstream communities by changing the natural flow regime. In this context, Low Impact Development (LID) systems are important tools in sustainable development. There are many aspects in design and operation of LID systems and the choice of the selected LID and its location in the basin can affect the results. In this regard, the Mathematical Optimization Approaches can be an ideal method to optimize LIDs use. Here we consider the application of TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and Rough Set theory (multiple attributes decision-making method). An advantage of using the Rough Set method in LID systems is that the selected decisions are explicit, and the method is not limited by restrictive assumptions. This new mathematical optimization approach for LID systems improves previous studies on this subject. Moreover, it provides an additional tool for the analysis of essential attributes to select and optimize the best LID system for a project.
Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. New Mathematical Optimization Approaches for LID Systems. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2020, 583 -595.
AMA StyleBehrouz Pirouz, Stefania Anna Palermo, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. New Mathematical Optimization Approaches for LID Systems. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2020; ():583-595.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrouz Pirouz; Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "New Mathematical Optimization Approaches for LID Systems." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 583-595.
Permeable Pavement (PP) represents a good solution to solve stormwater management problems. In this way, the potential removal efficiency of a PP in treating dissolved metals was assessed by performing a monitoring campaign at a lab-scale system. Based on literature experiences, different relatively high-level concentrations of copper and zinc were applied during eight different synthetic rainfall events. Results have shown that the removal rates of Cu and Zn of the lab-scale system range from 85% to 92% and from 65% to 82%, respectively. In addition, batch experiments were carried out on each construction material of the PP highlighting that, among the materials tested, only concrete blocks presented the potential to adsorb the investigated metals. Results confirmed that the adsorption capacity of the blocks is higher in adsorbing Cu (70–90%) than Zn (69–75%). Results from LCA analysis have shown overall minimal long-term, indirect and cumulative impact.
Michele Turco; Giuseppe Brunetti; Stefania Anna Palermo; Gilda Capano; Giovanna Grossi; Mario Maiolo; Patrizia Piro. On the environmental benefits of a permeable pavement: metals potential removal efficiency and Life Cycle Assessment. Urban Water Journal 2020, 17, 619 -627.
AMA StyleMichele Turco, Giuseppe Brunetti, Stefania Anna Palermo, Gilda Capano, Giovanna Grossi, Mario Maiolo, Patrizia Piro. On the environmental benefits of a permeable pavement: metals potential removal efficiency and Life Cycle Assessment. Urban Water Journal. 2020; 17 (7):619-627.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele Turco; Giuseppe Brunetti; Stefania Anna Palermo; Gilda Capano; Giovanna Grossi; Mario Maiolo; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "On the environmental benefits of a permeable pavement: metals potential removal efficiency and Life Cycle Assessment." Urban Water Journal 17, no. 7: 619-627.
Buildings portion in global energy consumption is 40%, and in the building envelope, the roof is a crucial point for improving indoor temperature, especially in the last and second last floors. Studies show that green roofs can be applied to moderate roof temperature and affect the indoor temperature in summer and winter. However, the performance of green roofs depends on several parameters such as climate, irrigation, layer materials, and thickness. In this context, the present research deals with a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts of green roofs in summer and winter in a Mediterranean climate. Measurements carried out in one year in three different types of green roofs with different thicknesses, layers, and with and without the insulation layer. The analysis determined the possible period that indoor cooling or heating might be required with and without green roofs and demonstrated the positive impact of green roofs in moderating the roof temperature and temperature fluctuations, which in summer was remarkable. In conclusion, since in the Mediterranean climate, the thermal differences between green roofs and conventional roofs in summer are much higher than winter, it seems that the green roof without an insulation layer would show better performance.
Mario Maiolo; Behrouz Pirouz; Roberto Bruno; Stefania Anna Palermo; Natale Arcuri; Patrizia Piro. The Role of the Extensive Green Roofs on Decreasing Building Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Climate. Sustainability 2020, 12, 359 .
AMA StyleMario Maiolo, Behrouz Pirouz, Roberto Bruno, Stefania Anna Palermo, Natale Arcuri, Patrizia Piro. The Role of the Extensive Green Roofs on Decreasing Building Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Climate. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (1):359.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Maiolo; Behrouz Pirouz; Roberto Bruno; Stefania Anna Palermo; Natale Arcuri; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "The Role of the Extensive Green Roofs on Decreasing Building Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Climate." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 359.
The objective of this review paper is to survey the state of the art on nature-based solutions (NBS) in the built environment, which can contribute to a circular economy (CE) and counter the negative impacts of urbanization through the provision of ecosystem services. NBS are discussed here at three different levels: (i) green building materials, including biocomposites with plant-based aggregates; (ii) green building systems, employed for the greening of buildings by incorporating vegetation in their envelope; and (iii) green building sites, emphasizing the value of vegetated open spaces and water-sensitive urban design. After introducing the central concepts of NBS and CE as they are manifested in the built environment, we examine the impacts of urban development and the historical use of materials, systems and sites which can offer solutions to these problems. In the central section of the paper we present a series of case studies illustrating the development and implementation of such solutions in recent years. Finally, in a brief critical analysis we look at the ecosystem services and disservices provided by NBS in the built environment, and examine the policy instruments which can be leveraged to promote them in the most effective manner – facilitating the future transition to fully circular cities.
David Pearlmutter; Dimitra Theochari; Thomas Nehls; Pedro Pinho; Patrizia Piro; Alisa Korolova; Spiros Papaefthimiou; Mari Carmen Garcia Mateo; Cristina Calheiros; Irene Zluwa; Ulrike Pitha; Paul Schosseler; Yaakov Florentin; Shahar Ouannou; Erez Gal; Andreas Aicher; Killian Arnold; Erika Igondová; Bernhard Pucher. Enhancing the circular economy with nature-based solutions in the built urban environment: green building materials, systems and sites. Blue-Green Systems 2019, 2, 46 -72.
AMA StyleDavid Pearlmutter, Dimitra Theochari, Thomas Nehls, Pedro Pinho, Patrizia Piro, Alisa Korolova, Spiros Papaefthimiou, Mari Carmen Garcia Mateo, Cristina Calheiros, Irene Zluwa, Ulrike Pitha, Paul Schosseler, Yaakov Florentin, Shahar Ouannou, Erez Gal, Andreas Aicher, Killian Arnold, Erika Igondová, Bernhard Pucher. Enhancing the circular economy with nature-based solutions in the built urban environment: green building materials, systems and sites. Blue-Green Systems. 2019; 2 (1):46-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Pearlmutter; Dimitra Theochari; Thomas Nehls; Pedro Pinho; Patrizia Piro; Alisa Korolova; Spiros Papaefthimiou; Mari Carmen Garcia Mateo; Cristina Calheiros; Irene Zluwa; Ulrike Pitha; Paul Schosseler; Yaakov Florentin; Shahar Ouannou; Erez Gal; Andreas Aicher; Killian Arnold; Erika Igondová; Bernhard Pucher. 2019. "Enhancing the circular economy with nature-based solutions in the built urban environment: green building materials, systems and sites." Blue-Green Systems 2, no. 1: 46-72.
In urban water management, green roofs provide a sustainable solution for flood risk mitigation. Numerous studies have investigated green roof hydrologic effectiveness and the parameters that influence their operation; many have been conducted on the pilot scale, whereas only some of these have been executed on full-scale rooftop installations. Several models have been developed, but only a few have investigated the influence of green roof physical parameters on performance. From this broader context, this paper presents the results of a monitoring analysis of an extensive green roof located at the University of Calabria, Italy, in the Mediterranean climate region. To obtain this goal, the subsurface runoff coefficient, peak flow reduction, peak flow lag-time, and time to the start of runoff were evaluated at an event scale by considering a set of data collected between October 2015 and September 2016 consisting of 62 storm events. The mean value of subsurface runoff was 32.0% when considering the whole dataset, and 50.4% for 35 rainfall events (principally major than 8.0 mm); these results indicate the good hydraulic performance of this specific green roof in a Mediterranean climate, which is in agreement with other studies. A modeling approach was used to evaluate the influence of the substrate depth on green roof retention. The soil hydraulics features were first measured using a simplified evaporation method, and then modeled using HYDRUS-1D software (PC-Progress s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic) by considering different values of soil depth (6 cm, 9 cm, 12 cm, and 15 cm) for six months under Mediterranean climate conditions. The results showed how the specific soil substrate was able to achieve a runoff volume reduction ranging from 22% to 24% by increasing the soil depth.
Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Francesca Principato; Patrizia Piro. Hydrological Effectiveness of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Climate. Water 2019, 11, 1378 .
AMA StyleStefania Anna Palermo, Michele Turco, Francesca Principato, Patrizia Piro. Hydrological Effectiveness of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Climate. Water. 2019; 11 (7):1378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Francesca Principato; Patrizia Piro. 2019. "Hydrological Effectiveness of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Climate." Water 11, no. 7: 1378.
The combination of an appropriate design and careful management of green infrastructures may contribute to mitigate flooding (stormwater quantity) and pollutant discharges (stormwater quality) into receiving water bodies and to coping with other extreme climate impacts (such as temperature regime) on a long-term basis and water cycle variability. The vegetation health state ensures the green infrastructure’s effectiveness. Due to their remarkable spatial and spectral resolution, hyperspectral sensing devices appear to be the most suited for green infrastructure vegetation monitoring according to the peculiar spectral features that vegetation exhibits. In particular, vegetation health-state detection is feasible due to the modifications the typical vegetation spectral signature undergoes when abnormalities are present. This paper presents a ground spectroscopy monitoring survey of the green roof installed at the University of Calabria fulfilled via the acquisition and analysis of hyperspectral data. The spectroradiometer, placed on a fixed stand, was used to identify stress conditions of vegetation located in areas where drought could affect the plant health state. Broadband vegetation indices were employed for this purpose. For the test case presented, data acquired agreed well with direct observations on the ground. The analyses carried out showed the remarkable performances of the broadband indices Red Difference Vegetation Index (Red DVI), Simple Ratio (SR) and Triangular Vegetation Index (TVI) in highlighting the vegetation health state and encouraged the design of a remote-controlled platform for monitoring purposes.
Monica Moroni; Michele Porti; Patrizia Piro. Design of a Remote-Controlled Platform for Green Roof Plants Monitoring via Hyperspectral Sensors. Water 2019, 11, 1368 .
AMA StyleMonica Moroni, Michele Porti, Patrizia Piro. Design of a Remote-Controlled Platform for Green Roof Plants Monitoring via Hyperspectral Sensors. Water. 2019; 11 (7):1368.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonica Moroni; Michele Porti; Patrizia Piro. 2019. "Design of a Remote-Controlled Platform for Green Roof Plants Monitoring via Hyperspectral Sensors." Water 11, no. 7: 1368.
Low impact development (LID) systems provide sustainable solutions for flood risk mitigation. Given their relevant role in urban water management, accurate estimation of the outflow rate of such systems is crucial to assess their retention efficiency and the corresponding volumes discharged into the drainage network. Thus, the selection of an appropriate flowmeter device is necessary. Thus far, various flowmeter devices have been designed and calibrated for pipes, open channels, rivers, and irrigation systems, while only scarce and general information has been presented for the devices used in LID systems. The main objective of this study is to propose a new, simple, and easily replicable flowmeter device, which can be positioned in confined spaces, such as drain wells, for measuring a large outflow rate range of LID systems. To identify the most influential parameters on the discharge coefficient, the evolutionary polynomial regression multi-objective and multi-case strategy approaches were used for data mining. The results demonstrate that the ratio between the upstream head (h) on the weir crest and the weir width (b), namely the (h/d) parameter, significantly affects the discharge coefficient. Therefore, neglecting the Reynolds and Weber condition and h/d coefficient (where d is the weir height), a simple and accurate relationship of the discharge coefficient was obtained. Finally, to implement the laboratory findings to a full-scale green roof, the runoff collected by the developed device for a continuous period of three months was analysed. The findings demonstrate that the plotted hydrographs do not exhibit fluctuations and effectively interpret the small flow, at both the continuous and event scales.
Patrizia Piro; Marco Carbone; Francesco Morimanno; Stefania Anna Palermo. Simple flowmeter device for LID systems: From laboratory procedure to full-scale implementation. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2019, 65, 240 -249.
AMA StylePatrizia Piro, Marco Carbone, Francesco Morimanno, Stefania Anna Palermo. Simple flowmeter device for LID systems: From laboratory procedure to full-scale implementation. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation. 2019; 65 ():240-249.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrizia Piro; Marco Carbone; Francesco Morimanno; Stefania Anna Palermo. 2019. "Simple flowmeter device for LID systems: From laboratory procedure to full-scale implementation." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 65, no. : 240-249.
Widespread overbuilding, the prevalence of asphalt surfaces on green areas, and the use of building materials with low heat dissipation abilities are among the main causes of Urban Heat Islands. Within urban areas, evapotranspiration and shade from plants can significantly reduce the UHI phenomenon, help in stormwater management, and reduce building energy consumption. The goal of this work is to analyze the hydraulics and energy performances of an experimental extensive green roof at the University of Calabria (Italy) in Mediterranean area. This study confirmed that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation in terms of runoff volume reduction and peak attenuation, and improve the thermal performance of buildings and the internal comfort of indoor spaces.
Patrizia Piro; Marco Carbone; Marilena De Simone; Mario Maiolo; Piero Bevilacqua; Natale Arcuri. Energy and Hydraulic Performance of a Vegetated Roof in Sub-Mediterranean Climate. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3473 .
AMA StylePatrizia Piro, Marco Carbone, Marilena De Simone, Mario Maiolo, Piero Bevilacqua, Natale Arcuri. Energy and Hydraulic Performance of a Vegetated Roof in Sub-Mediterranean Climate. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3473.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrizia Piro; Marco Carbone; Marilena De Simone; Mario Maiolo; Piero Bevilacqua; Natale Arcuri. 2018. "Energy and Hydraulic Performance of a Vegetated Roof in Sub-Mediterranean Climate." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3473.
Permeable Pavement (PP) represents a good solution to solve stormwater management problems both in quantitative and qualitative way. In this way, the potential removal efficiency of a permeable pavement in treating metals was assessed by performing a monitoring campaign at a lab-scale system constructed for the purpose. Based on literature experiences, different relatively high-level concentrations of Copper and Zinc were applied during 8 different synthetic rainfall events. Results shown that the removal rates of Cu and Zn of the lab-scale pavements range from 85% to 92% and from 65% to 82%, respectively. Results also shown that the Cu removal rates of the lab-scale pavement are higher than Zn removal rate.
Michele Turco; Giuseppe Brunetti; Michele Porti; Giovanna Grossi; Mario Maiolo; Patrizia Piro. Metals Potential Removal Efficiency of Permeable Pavement. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2018, 163 -168.
AMA StyleMichele Turco, Giuseppe Brunetti, Michele Porti, Giovanna Grossi, Mario Maiolo, Patrizia Piro. Metals Potential Removal Efficiency of Permeable Pavement. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2018; ():163-168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele Turco; Giuseppe Brunetti; Michele Porti; Giovanna Grossi; Mario Maiolo; Patrizia Piro. 2018. "Metals Potential Removal Efficiency of Permeable Pavement." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 163-168.
Here we present the results of a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) applied for a microscale hydrodynamic model, which combines pipe infrastructure and small scale source treatments in terms of raingardens (RGs). The aim is to identify the most influential model parameters to support the decision for future measurement installation sites and smart water control. For the model creation and simulation, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used. For the GSA method the Elementary Effect Test (EET) is applied, were uncertainties to 18 model input parameters, comprising 10 subcatchment and 8 Low Impact Development (LID) parameters, are assigned and analysed by 1,900 simulations. The model’s responses are evaluated at four main RGs and for two model outputs: Inflow and Surface runoff at the RGs. First results show that the most sensitive factors are the Depression Storage Impervious and the Soil Hydraulic Conductivity for the Inflow and Surface Runoff at RGs, respectively.
Stefania Anna Palermo; Jonatan Zischg; Robert Sitzenfrei; Wolfgang Rauch; Patrizia Piro. Parameter Sensitivity of a Microscale Hydrodynamic Model. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2018, 982 -987.
AMA StyleStefania Anna Palermo, Jonatan Zischg, Robert Sitzenfrei, Wolfgang Rauch, Patrizia Piro. Parameter Sensitivity of a Microscale Hydrodynamic Model. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2018; ():982-987.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefania Anna Palermo; Jonatan Zischg; Robert Sitzenfrei; Wolfgang Rauch; Patrizia Piro. 2018. "Parameter Sensitivity of a Microscale Hydrodynamic Model." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 982-987.
Here we investigate the influence of Low Impact Development (LID) practices implementation at urban catchment scale, by applying SWMM model to a densely urbanized area of the city of Cosenza, using monthly storms events. Among the source-control measures, Green Roofs and Permeable Pavements were chosen, being particularly suitable for highly urbanised areas already equipped with an underground drainage system. The main objective of this study is to assess how the implementation of LID techniques in urban areas can be an effective solution to improve stormwater management and restore the natural flow regime. With this aim, different conversion scenarios have been simulated and compared to the existing condition of the catchment, before LIDs implementation at catchment scale. Results reveal that combined LID techniques perform better than single LID practices in terms of both runoff reduction and increase in total infiltration.
Francesca Principato; Aldo Pedro Ferrante; Ferdinando Frega; Manuela Bartolo; Patrizia Piro. Mitigation of Urban Surface Runoff Through LID Solutions: Case Study in Mediterranean Area. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2018, 665 -670.
AMA StyleFrancesca Principato, Aldo Pedro Ferrante, Ferdinando Frega, Manuela Bartolo, Patrizia Piro. Mitigation of Urban Surface Runoff Through LID Solutions: Case Study in Mediterranean Area. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2018; ():665-670.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Principato; Aldo Pedro Ferrante; Ferdinando Frega; Manuela Bartolo; Patrizia Piro. 2018. "Mitigation of Urban Surface Runoff Through LID Solutions: Case Study in Mediterranean Area." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 665-670.