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Dr. Stefania Anna Palermo
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Climate Change
0 Low Impact Development
0 Modeling
0 Numerical Analysis
0 Stormwater Management

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Low Impact Development
Stormwater Management
Real Time Control
Modeling
Climate Change
Numerical Analysis
Urban Hydrology

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Journal article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The purpose of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are to create optimum thermal comfort and appropriate indoor air quality (IAQ) for occupants. Air ventilation systems can significantly affect the health risk in indoor environments, especially those by contaminated aerosols. Therefore, the main goal of the study is to analyze the indoor airflow patterns in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and the impact of outlets/windows. The other goal of this study is to simulate the trajectory of the aerosols from a human sneeze, investigate the impact of opening windows on the number of air changes per hour (ACH) and exhibit the role of dead zones with poor ventilation. The final goal is to show the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in improving the HVAC design, such as outlet locations or airflow rate, in addition to the placement of occupants. In this regard, an extensive literature review has been combined with the CFD method to analyze the indoor airflow patterns, ACH, and the role of windows. The airflow pattern analysis shows the critical impact of inflow/outflow and windows. The results show that the CFD model simulation could exhibit optimal placement and safer locations for the occupants to decrease the health risk. The results of the discrete phase simulation determined that the actual ACH could be different from the theoretical ACH as the short circuit and dead zones affect the ACH.

ACS Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Domenico Mazzeo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7931 .

AMA Style

Behrouz Pirouz, Stefania Palermo, Seyed Naghib, Domenico Mazzeo, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7931.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Domenico Mazzeo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2021. "The Role of HVAC Design and Windows on the Indoor Airflow Pattern and ACH." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7931.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The simulation of the ventilation and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of vehicles could be used in the energy demand management of vehicles besides improving the air quality inside their cabins. Moreover, traveling by public transport during a pandemic is a concerning factor, and analysis of the vehicle’s cabin environments could demonstrate how to decrease the risk and create a safer journey for passengers. Therefore, this article presents airflow analysis, air changes per hour (ACH), and respiration aerosols’ trajectory inside three vehicles, including a typical car, bus, and airplane. In this regard, three vehicles’ cabin environment boundary conditions and the HVAC systems of the selected vehicles were determined, and three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. The analysis of the airflow patterns and aerosol trajectories in the selected vehicles demonstrate the critical impact of inflow, outflow, and passenger’s locations in the cabins. The CFD model results exhibited that the lowest risk could be in the airplane and the highest in the bus because of the location of airflows and outflows. The discrete CFD model analysis determined the ACH for a typical car of about 4.3, a typical bus of about 7.5, and in a typical airplane of about 8.5, which were all less than the standard protocol of infection prevention, 12 ACH. According to the results, opening windows in the cars could decrease the aerosol loads and improve the low ACH by the HVAC systems. However, for the buses, a new design for the outflow location or an increase in the number of outflows appeared necessary. In the case of airplanes, the airflow paths were suitable, and by increasing the airflow speed, the required ACH might be achieved. Finally, in the closed (recirculating) systems, the role of filters in decreasing the risk appeared critical.

ACS Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Domenico Mazzeo; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6799 .

AMA Style

Behrouz Pirouz, Domenico Mazzeo, Stefania Palermo, Seyed Naghib, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Domenico Mazzeo; Stefania Palermo; Seyed Naghib; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2021. "CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6799.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2021 in Water
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Conventional green roofs, although having numerous advantages, could place water resources under pressure in dry periods due to irrigation requirements. Moreover, the thermal efficiency of green roofs could decrease without irrigation, and the plants could get damaged. Therefore, this study aims to improve the efficiency of conventional green roofs by proposing a new multipurpose green roof combined with fog and dew harvesting systems. The analysis determined that the average water use of green roofs in the summer (in humid regions) is about 3.7 L/m2/day, in the Mediterranean regions about 4.5 L/m2/day, and in arid regions about 2.7 L/m2/day. During the dry season, the average fog potential in humid regions is 1.2 to 15.6 L/m2/day, Mediterranean regions between 1.6 and 4.6 L/m2/day, and arid regions between 1.8 and 11.8 L/m2/day. The average dew potential during the dry season in humid regions is 0.1 to 0.3 L/m2/day, in the Mediterranean regions is 0.2 to 0.3 L/m2/day, and in the arid regions is 0.5 to 0.7 L/m2/day. The analysis of the suggested multipurpose green roof combined with fog/dew harvesting systems, in the summer, in three different climates, show that fog harvesting could provide the total water requirement of the green roofs, and that dew harvesting by PV (photo-voltaic) panels could provide 15 to 26% of the water requirements. Moreover, it could show a higher thermal impact on the building, higher efficiency in stormwater management, less dependence on the urban water network, and greater efficiency in decreasing urban air, water, and noise pollution. Finally, the novel green roof system could consume less water due to the shaded area by mesh and solar PVs and maximize the utilization of the roof area, as solar panels could be applied on the same green roof.

ACS Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Michele Turco. Improving the Efficiency of Green Roofs Using Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems (An Innovative Design). Water 2021, 13, 546 .

AMA Style

Behrouz Pirouz, Stefania Palermo, Michele Turco. Improving the Efficiency of Green Roofs Using Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems (An Innovative Design). Water. 2021; 13 (4):546.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Michele Turco. 2021. "Improving the Efficiency of Green Roofs Using Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems (An Innovative Design)." Water 13, no. 4: 546.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2020 in Water
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The advantages of low-impact development approaches, such as green walls in an urban environment, are numerous. These systems can be applied for managing stormwater, saving energy consumption, decreasing noise pollution, improving runoff quality, improving life quality, and so forth. Besides, atmospheric water harvesting methods are considered a nonconventional water source. There are many studies about the analysis and advantages of green walls and atmospheric water harvesting conducted separately. However, the use of a combined system that uses fog harvesting in the irrigation of green walls has received less attention in previous studies, and therefore in this research, the feasibility of a novel green wall platform was investigated. At first, the potential of using green walls and atmospheric water harvesting in different climates was analyzed. Then a new combined system was proposed and explained. The study results determined that atmospheric water harvesting can be applied as a source of irrigation for green facilities, particularly in the dry season and in periods with lower precipitation. In the Mediterranean climate, summer fog harvesting yields 1.4–4.6 L/m2/day, and the water consumption of green walls is about 4–8 L/day/m2. This can improve one issue of green walls in an urban environment, which is irrigation in summer. Furthermore, the novel system would protect plants from severe conditions, improve buildings’ thermal behavior by decreasing direct sunlight, and increase conventional green walls’ efficiency and advantages.

ACS Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Michele Turco; Stefania Anna Palermo. A Novel Idea for Improving the Efficiency of Green Walls in Urban Environment (an Innovative Design and Technique). Water 2020, 12, 3524 .

AMA Style

Behrouz Pirouz, Michele Turco, Stefania Anna Palermo. A Novel Idea for Improving the Efficiency of Green Walls in Urban Environment (an Innovative Design and Technique). Water. 2020; 12 (12):3524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Michele Turco; Stefania Anna Palermo. 2020. "A Novel Idea for Improving the Efficiency of Green Walls in Urban Environment (an Innovative Design and Technique)." Water 12, no. 12: 3524.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Electrical and energy production have a noticeable water footprint, and buildings′ share of global energy consumption is about 40%. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts and water consumption of green roofs in a Mediterranean climate. The study aims to investigate the use of water directly for green roofs and reduce the water footprint of energy in summer and winter due to its thermal impacts. The measurements were carried out for an extensive green roof with an area of 55 m2 and a thickness of 22 cm, and direct water consumption by a green roof and direct and indirect water consumption by cooling and heating systems were analyzed. According to the analysis, in summer, the maximum roof temperature on a conventional roof was 72 °C, while under the green roof it was 30.3 °C. In winter, the minimum roof temperature on a conventional roof was −8.6 °C, while under the green roof it was 7.4 °C. These results show that green roofs affect energy consumption in summer and winter, and the corresponding thermal requirements for the building have a water footprint regarding energy production. In summer, the thermal reduction in the water footprint by a green roof was 48 m3 if an evaporative air conditioner is used and 8.9 m3 for a compression air conditioner, whereas the water consumed in the green roof was 8.2 m3. Therefore, using water directly in the green roof would reduce the energy consumption in buildings, and thus less water has to be used in power plants to provide the same thermal impact. In winter, green roofs′ water consumption was higher than the thermal water footprint; however, there is no need to irrigate the green roof as the water consumed comes from precipitation. This experimental analysis determines that in the Mediterranean climate, green roofs allow the achievement of the same thermal conditions for buildings in both summer and winter, with a reduction in water consumption.

ACS Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Mario Maiolo; Natale Arcuri; Patrizia Piro. Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10178 .

AMA Style

Behrouz Pirouz, Stefania Palermo, Mario Maiolo, Natale Arcuri, Patrizia Piro. Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Palermo; Mario Maiolo; Natale Arcuri; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10178.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2020 in Water
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The real-time control (RTC) system is a valid and cost-effective solution for urban stormwater management. This paper aims to evaluate the beneficial effect on urban flooding risk mitigation produced by applying RTC techniques to an urban drainage network by considering different control configuration scenarios. To achieve the aim, a distributed real-time system, validated in previous studies, was considered. This approach uses a smart moveable gates system, controlled by software agents, managed by a swarm intelligence algorithm. By running the different scenarios by a customized version of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), the findings obtained show a redistribution of conduits filling degrees, exploiting the whole system storage capacity, with a significant reduction of node flooding and total flood volume.

ACS Style

Mario Maiolo; Stefania Anna Palermo; Anna Chiara Brusco; Behrouz Pirouz; Michele Turco; Andrea Vinci; Giandomenico Spezzano; Patrizia Piro. On the Use of a Real-Time Control Approach for Urban Stormwater Management. Water 2020, 12, 2842 .

AMA Style

Mario Maiolo, Stefania Anna Palermo, Anna Chiara Brusco, Behrouz Pirouz, Michele Turco, Andrea Vinci, Giandomenico Spezzano, Patrizia Piro. On the Use of a Real-Time Control Approach for Urban Stormwater Management. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2842.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mario Maiolo; Stefania Anna Palermo; Anna Chiara Brusco; Behrouz Pirouz; Michele Turco; Andrea Vinci; Giandomenico Spezzano; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "On the Use of a Real-Time Control Approach for Urban Stormwater Management." Water 12, no. 10: 2842.

Journal article
Published: 29 February 2020 in Sustainability
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The role of the industrial sector in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource consumption is well-known, and many industrial activities may have a negative environmental impact. The solution to decreasing the negative effects cannot be effective without the consideration of sustainable development. There are several methods for sustainability evaluation, such as tools based on products, processes, or plants besides supply chain or life cycle analysis, and there are different rating systems suggesting 80, 140, or more indicators for assessment. The critical point is the limits such as required techniques and budget in using all indicators for all factories in the beginning. Moreover, the weight of each indicator might change based on the selected alternative that it is not a fixed value and could change in a new case study. In this regard, to determine the impact and weight of different indicators in sustainable factories, a multi-layer Triangular Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (TFAHP) approach was developed, and the application of the method was described and verified. The defined layers are six; for each layer, the pairwise comparison matrix was developed, and the total aggregated score concerning the sustainability goal for each alternative was calculated that shows the Relative Importance Coefficient (RIC). The method is formulated in a way that allows adding the new indicators in all layers as the verification shows, and thus, there are no limits for using any green rating systems. Therefore, the presented approach by TFAHP would provide an additional tool toward the sustainable development of factories.

ACS Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Natale Arcuri; Behzad Pirouz; Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Mario Maiolo. Development of an Assessment Method for Evaluation of Sustainable Factories. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1841 .

AMA Style

Behrouz Pirouz, Natale Arcuri, Behzad Pirouz, Stefania Anna Palermo, Michele Turco, Mario Maiolo. Development of an Assessment Method for Evaluation of Sustainable Factories. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):1841.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Natale Arcuri; Behzad Pirouz; Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Mario Maiolo. 2020. "Development of an Assessment Method for Evaluation of Sustainable Factories." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 1841.

Conference paper
Published: 14 February 2020 in Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV
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Rainwater harvesting systems represent sustainable solutions that meet the challenges of water saving and surface runoff mitigation. The collected rainwater can be re-used for several purposes such as irrigation of green roofs and garden, flushing toilets, etc. Optimizing the water usage in each such use is a significant goal. To achieve this goal, we have considered TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and Rough Set method as Multi-Objective Optimization approaches by analyzing different case studies. TOPSIS was used to compare algorithms and evaluate the performance of alternatives, while Rough Set method was applied as a machine learning method to optimize rainwater-harvesting systems. Results by Rough Set method provided a baseline for decision-making and the minimal decision algorithm were obtained as six rules. In addition, The TOPSIS method ranked all case studies, and because we used several correlated attributes, the findings are more accurate from other simple ranking method. Therefore, the numerical optimization of rainwater harvesting systems will improve the knowledge from previous studies in the field, and provide an additional tool to identify the optimal rainwater reuse in order to save water and reduce the surface runoff discharged into the sewer system.

ACS Style

Stefania Anna Palermo; Vito Cataldo Talarico; Behrouz Pirouz. Optimizing Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Non-potable Water Uses and Surface Runoff Mitigation. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2020, 570 -582.

AMA Style

Stefania Anna Palermo, Vito Cataldo Talarico, Behrouz Pirouz. Optimizing Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Non-potable Water Uses and Surface Runoff Mitigation. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2020; ():570-582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefania Anna Palermo; Vito Cataldo Talarico; Behrouz Pirouz. 2020. "Optimizing Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Non-potable Water Uses and Surface Runoff Mitigation." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 570-582.

Conference paper
Published: 14 February 2020 in Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV
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Urbanization affects ecosystem health and downstream communities by changing the natural flow regime. In this context, Low Impact Development (LID) systems are important tools in sustainable development. There are many aspects in design and operation of LID systems and the choice of the selected LID and its location in the basin can affect the results. In this regard, the Mathematical Optimization Approaches can be an ideal method to optimize LIDs use. Here we consider the application of TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and Rough Set theory (multiple attributes decision-making method). An advantage of using the Rough Set method in LID systems is that the selected decisions are explicit, and the method is not limited by restrictive assumptions. This new mathematical optimization approach for LID systems improves previous studies on this subject. Moreover, it provides an additional tool for the analysis of essential attributes to select and optimize the best LID system for a project.

ACS Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. New Mathematical Optimization Approaches for LID Systems. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2020, 583 -595.

AMA Style

Behrouz Pirouz, Stefania Anna Palermo, Michele Turco, Patrizia Piro. New Mathematical Optimization Approaches for LID Systems. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2020; ():583-595.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "New Mathematical Optimization Approaches for LID Systems." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 583-595.

Conference paper
Published: 24 January 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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Here we present the hydrological effectiveness of Low Impact development (LID) solutions at urban catchment scale, by modelling a highly urbanised area located in South Italy. For the model creation and simulation, PCSWMM based on the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used. The analysis was carried out by considering different land use conversion scenarios including the implementation of LID practices. Therefore, a specific permeable pavement and green roof developed and implemented at full scale at University of Calabria were chosen as source-control measures. The simulations were run by using as input a synthetic hyetograph of 30 min with return period of 10 years. Three hydrological performance indexes, Runoff Coefficient (RC), Runoff Reduction (RR) and Peak Flow Reduction (PFR) were evaluated at subcatchment scale and, a mean value was estimated for an overall evaluation. Main findings show that RR and PFR linearly increase with the reduction of imperviousness due to the modelling of a major percentage of LID solutions, while the RC decreases. In addition, first detailed results reveal the suitability of LID solutions to reduce surface runoff also for the scenario 1 which considers the conversion of only 30% of specific impervious surface in green roofs and permeable pavements.

ACS Style

S A Palermo; V C Talarico; Michele Turco. On the LID systems effectiveness for urban stormwater management: case study in Southern Italy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 410, 012012 .

AMA Style

S A Palermo, V C Talarico, Michele Turco. On the LID systems effectiveness for urban stormwater management: case study in Southern Italy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 410 (1):012012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S A Palermo; V C Talarico; Michele Turco. 2020. "On the LID systems effectiveness for urban stormwater management: case study in Southern Italy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 410, no. 1: 012012.

Conference paper
Published: 24 January 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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In the last few years, the increase of impervious surfaces, due to ongoing urbanization and climate change led several environmental impacts such as: urban heat island effect, air pollution, urban flooding, deterioration of water discharged in the receiving water bodies, and so on. In this context, a sustainable strategy is required, and an innovative solution can be found in the implementation of low impact development (LID) systems as green walls. These sustainable solutions, by reintroducing vegetation in urban area, can partially restore the pre-urbanization situation and mitigate these drastic environmental impacts. To investigate the state of art of these techniques, a deeper overview on the green wall systems was carried out. This analysis was finalized to evaluate the current developed systems in terms of classification, components and benefits in order to establish where do we stand in terms of evolution of these systems and where we are going in terms of new trends and possible future directions.

ACS Style

S A Palermo; Michele Turco. Green Wall systems: where do we stand? IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 410, 012013 .

AMA Style

S A Palermo, Michele Turco. Green Wall systems: where do we stand? IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 410 (1):012013.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S A Palermo; Michele Turco. 2020. "Green Wall systems: where do we stand?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 410, no. 1: 012013.

Research articles
Published: 17 January 2020 in Urban Water Journal
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Permeable Pavement (PP) represents a good solution to solve stormwater management problems. In this way, the potential removal efficiency of a PP in treating dissolved metals was assessed by performing a monitoring campaign at a lab-scale system. Based on literature experiences, different relatively high-level concentrations of copper and zinc were applied during eight different synthetic rainfall events. Results have shown that the removal rates of Cu and Zn of the lab-scale system range from 85% to 92% and from 65% to 82%, respectively. In addition, batch experiments were carried out on each construction material of the PP highlighting that, among the materials tested, only concrete blocks presented the potential to adsorb the investigated metals. Results confirmed that the adsorption capacity of the blocks is higher in adsorbing Cu (70–90%) than Zn (69–75%). Results from LCA analysis have shown overall minimal long-term, indirect and cumulative impact.

ACS Style

Michele Turco; Giuseppe Brunetti; Stefania Anna Palermo; Gilda Capano; Giovanna Grossi; Mario Maiolo; Patrizia Piro. On the environmental benefits of a permeable pavement: metals potential removal efficiency and Life Cycle Assessment. Urban Water Journal 2020, 17, 619 -627.

AMA Style

Michele Turco, Giuseppe Brunetti, Stefania Anna Palermo, Gilda Capano, Giovanna Grossi, Mario Maiolo, Patrizia Piro. On the environmental benefits of a permeable pavement: metals potential removal efficiency and Life Cycle Assessment. Urban Water Journal. 2020; 17 (7):619-627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michele Turco; Giuseppe Brunetti; Stefania Anna Palermo; Gilda Capano; Giovanna Grossi; Mario Maiolo; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "On the environmental benefits of a permeable pavement: metals potential removal efficiency and Life Cycle Assessment." Urban Water Journal 17, no. 7: 619-627.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2020 in Sustainability
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Buildings portion in global energy consumption is 40%, and in the building envelope, the roof is a crucial point for improving indoor temperature, especially in the last and second last floors. Studies show that green roofs can be applied to moderate roof temperature and affect the indoor temperature in summer and winter. However, the performance of green roofs depends on several parameters such as climate, irrigation, layer materials, and thickness. In this context, the present research deals with a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts of green roofs in summer and winter in a Mediterranean climate. Measurements carried out in one year in three different types of green roofs with different thicknesses, layers, and with and without the insulation layer. The analysis determined the possible period that indoor cooling or heating might be required with and without green roofs and demonstrated the positive impact of green roofs in moderating the roof temperature and temperature fluctuations, which in summer was remarkable. In conclusion, since in the Mediterranean climate, the thermal differences between green roofs and conventional roofs in summer are much higher than winter, it seems that the green roof without an insulation layer would show better performance.

ACS Style

Mario Maiolo; Behrouz Pirouz; Roberto Bruno; Stefania Anna Palermo; Natale Arcuri; Patrizia Piro. The Role of the Extensive Green Roofs on Decreasing Building Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Climate. Sustainability 2020, 12, 359 .

AMA Style

Mario Maiolo, Behrouz Pirouz, Roberto Bruno, Stefania Anna Palermo, Natale Arcuri, Patrizia Piro. The Role of the Extensive Green Roofs on Decreasing Building Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Climate. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (1):359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mario Maiolo; Behrouz Pirouz; Roberto Bruno; Stefania Anna Palermo; Natale Arcuri; Patrizia Piro. 2020. "The Role of the Extensive Green Roofs on Decreasing Building Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Climate." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 359.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2019 in Water
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In urban water management, green roofs provide a sustainable solution for flood risk mitigation. Numerous studies have investigated green roof hydrologic effectiveness and the parameters that influence their operation; many have been conducted on the pilot scale, whereas only some of these have been executed on full-scale rooftop installations. Several models have been developed, but only a few have investigated the influence of green roof physical parameters on performance. From this broader context, this paper presents the results of a monitoring analysis of an extensive green roof located at the University of Calabria, Italy, in the Mediterranean climate region. To obtain this goal, the subsurface runoff coefficient, peak flow reduction, peak flow lag-time, and time to the start of runoff were evaluated at an event scale by considering a set of data collected between October 2015 and September 2016 consisting of 62 storm events. The mean value of subsurface runoff was 32.0% when considering the whole dataset, and 50.4% for 35 rainfall events (principally major than 8.0 mm); these results indicate the good hydraulic performance of this specific green roof in a Mediterranean climate, which is in agreement with other studies. A modeling approach was used to evaluate the influence of the substrate depth on green roof retention. The soil hydraulics features were first measured using a simplified evaporation method, and then modeled using HYDRUS-1D software (PC-Progress s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic) by considering different values of soil depth (6 cm, 9 cm, 12 cm, and 15 cm) for six months under Mediterranean climate conditions. The results showed how the specific soil substrate was able to achieve a runoff volume reduction ranging from 22% to 24% by increasing the soil depth.

ACS Style

Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Francesca Principato; Patrizia Piro. Hydrological Effectiveness of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Climate. Water 2019, 11, 1378 .

AMA Style

Stefania Anna Palermo, Michele Turco, Francesca Principato, Patrizia Piro. Hydrological Effectiveness of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Climate. Water. 2019; 11 (7):1378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefania Anna Palermo; Michele Turco; Francesca Principato; Patrizia Piro. 2019. "Hydrological Effectiveness of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Climate." Water 11, no. 7: 1378.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2019 in Flow Measurement and Instrumentation
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Low impact development (LID) systems provide sustainable solutions for flood risk mitigation. Given their relevant role in urban water management, accurate estimation of the outflow rate of such systems is crucial to assess their retention efficiency and the corresponding volumes discharged into the drainage network. Thus, the selection of an appropriate flowmeter device is necessary. Thus far, various flowmeter devices have been designed and calibrated for pipes, open channels, rivers, and irrigation systems, while only scarce and general information has been presented for the devices used in LID systems. The main objective of this study is to propose a new, simple, and easily replicable flowmeter device, which can be positioned in confined spaces, such as drain wells, for measuring a large outflow rate range of LID systems. To identify the most influential parameters on the discharge coefficient, the evolutionary polynomial regression multi-objective and multi-case strategy approaches were used for data mining. The results demonstrate that the ratio between the upstream head (h) on the weir crest and the weir width (b), namely the (h/d) parameter, significantly affects the discharge coefficient. Therefore, neglecting the Reynolds and Weber condition and h/d coefficient (where d is the weir height), a simple and accurate relationship of the discharge coefficient was obtained. Finally, to implement the laboratory findings to a full-scale green roof, the runoff collected by the developed device for a continuous period of three months was analysed. The findings demonstrate that the plotted hydrographs do not exhibit fluctuations and effectively interpret the small flow, at both the continuous and event scales.

ACS Style

Patrizia Piro; Marco Carbone; Francesco Morimanno; Stefania Anna Palermo. Simple flowmeter device for LID systems: From laboratory procedure to full-scale implementation. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2019, 65, 240 -249.

AMA Style

Patrizia Piro, Marco Carbone, Francesco Morimanno, Stefania Anna Palermo. Simple flowmeter device for LID systems: From laboratory procedure to full-scale implementation. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation. 2019; 65 ():240-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrizia Piro; Marco Carbone; Francesco Morimanno; Stefania Anna Palermo. 2019. "Simple flowmeter device for LID systems: From laboratory procedure to full-scale implementation." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 65, no. : 240-249.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2018 in Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions
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Here we present the results of a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) applied for a microscale hydrodynamic model, which combines pipe infrastructure and small scale source treatments in terms of raingardens (RGs). The aim is to identify the most influential model parameters to support the decision for future measurement installation sites and smart water control. For the model creation and simulation, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used. For the GSA method the Elementary Effect Test (EET) is applied, were uncertainties to 18 model input parameters, comprising 10 subcatchment and 8 Low Impact Development (LID) parameters, are assigned and analysed by 1,900 simulations. The model’s responses are evaluated at four main RGs and for two model outputs: Inflow and Surface runoff at the RGs. First results show that the most sensitive factors are the Depression Storage Impervious and the Soil Hydraulic Conductivity for the Inflow and Surface Runoff at RGs, respectively.

ACS Style

Stefania Anna Palermo; Jonatan Zischg; Robert Sitzenfrei; Wolfgang Rauch; Patrizia Piro. Parameter Sensitivity of a Microscale Hydrodynamic Model. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2018, 982 -987.

AMA Style

Stefania Anna Palermo, Jonatan Zischg, Robert Sitzenfrei, Wolfgang Rauch, Patrizia Piro. Parameter Sensitivity of a Microscale Hydrodynamic Model. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2018; ():982-987.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefania Anna Palermo; Jonatan Zischg; Robert Sitzenfrei; Wolfgang Rauch; Patrizia Piro. 2018. "Parameter Sensitivity of a Microscale Hydrodynamic Model." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 982-987.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2018 in Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions
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Rain barrels are micro-scale applications which are used as temporary storage and for rainwater harvesting. They can be easily implemented into existing stormwater infrastructure. Recent advances in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) have opened up new possibilities for real-time monitoring and control of such structures, that enable the reduction of urban flooding or combined sewer overflows. The special feature of our smart rain barrel is its integration into a pilot project for smart cities, where every water inflow and outflow of the university campus in Innsbruck (Austria) is measured. Weather forecasts and time-controlled filling levels of different Low Impact Developments (LID) structures and the connected sewer system are used for real-time control (RTC). In a first step, the smart rain barrels are implemented into a SWMM-model with the objective of reducing the peak runoff rate by using the filling level in the main conduit as the control variable for real-time control. Results show that depending on the installation site and the storage volume of the rain barrel, a flood volume reduction of 18–40% can be achieved although only a simplified automatic control system has been implemented.

ACS Style

Martin Oberascher; Jonatan Zischg; Stefania Anna Palermo; Carolina Kinzel; Wolfgang Rauch; Robert Sitzenfrei. Smart Rain Barrels: Advanced LID Management Through Measurement and Control. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2018, 777 -782.

AMA Style

Martin Oberascher, Jonatan Zischg, Stefania Anna Palermo, Carolina Kinzel, Wolfgang Rauch, Robert Sitzenfrei. Smart Rain Barrels: Advanced LID Management Through Measurement and Control. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2018; ():777-782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Oberascher; Jonatan Zischg; Stefania Anna Palermo; Carolina Kinzel; Wolfgang Rauch; Robert Sitzenfrei. 2018. "Smart Rain Barrels: Advanced LID Management Through Measurement and Control." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 777-782.

Chapter
Published: 11 August 2018 in Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation
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In an urban environment, sewer flooding and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are a potential risk to human life, economic assets and the environment. In this way, traditional urban drainage techniques seem to be inadequate for the purpose so to mitigate such phenomena, new techniques such as Real Time Control (RTC) of urban drainage systems and Low Impact Development (LID) techniques represent a valid and cost-effective solution. This chapter lists some of the recent experiences in the field of Urban Hydrology consisting in a series of facilities, fully equipped with sensors and other electronical component, to prevent flooding in urban areas. A series of innovative numerical analysis (in Urban Hydrology research) have been proposed to define properties of the hydrological/hydraulic models used to reproduce the natural processes involved.

ACS Style

Patrizia Piro; Michele Turco; Stefania Anna Palermo; Francesca Principato; Giuseppe Brunetti. A Comprehensive Approach to Stormwater Management Problems in the Next Generation Drainage Networks. Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 2018, 275 -304.

AMA Style

Patrizia Piro, Michele Turco, Stefania Anna Palermo, Francesca Principato, Giuseppe Brunetti. A Comprehensive Approach to Stormwater Management Problems in the Next Generation Drainage Networks. Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation. 2018; ():275-304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrizia Piro; Michele Turco; Stefania Anna Palermo; Francesca Principato; Giuseppe Brunetti. 2018. "A Comprehensive Approach to Stormwater Management Problems in the Next Generation Drainage Networks." Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation , no. : 275-304.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2016 in Water
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In an urban environment, green roofs represent a sustainable solution for mitigating stormwater volumes and hydrograph peaks. So far, many literature studies have investigated the hydraulic efficiency and the subsurface runoff coefficient of green roofs, showing their strong variability according to several factors, including the characteristics of storm events. Furthermore, only few studies have focused on the hydraulic efficiency of green roofs under Mediterranean climate conditions and defined the influencing hydrological parameters on the subsurface runoff coefficient. Nevertheless, for designing purposes, it is crucial to properly assess the subsurface runoff coefficient of a given green roof under specific climate conditions and its influencing factors. This study intends to, firstly, evaluate the subsurface runoff coefficient at daily and event-time scales for a given green roof, through a conceptual model implemented in SWMM. The model was loaded with both daily and 1-min rainfall data from two Mediterranean climate sites, one in Thessaloniki, Greece and one in Cosenza, Italy, respectively. Then, the most influencing hydrological parameters were examined through a statistical regression analysis. The findings show that the daily subsurface runoff coefficient is 0.70 for both sites, while the event-based one is 0.79 with a standard deviation of 0.23 for the site in Cosenza, Italy. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the influencing parameters are the rainfall intensity and antecedent dry weather period with a confidence level of 95%. This study demonstrated that, due to the high variability of the subsurface runoff coefficient, the use of a unique value for design purposes is inappropriate and that a preliminary estimation could be obtained as a function of the total rainfall depth and the antecedent dry weather period by using the validated multi-regression relationship which is site specific.

ACS Style

Giuseppina Garofalo; Stefania Palermo; Francesca Principato; Theodoros Theodosiou; Patrizia Piro. The Influence of Hydrologic Parameters on the Hydraulic Efficiency of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Area. Water 2016, 8, 44 .

AMA Style

Giuseppina Garofalo, Stefania Palermo, Francesca Principato, Theodoros Theodosiou, Patrizia Piro. The Influence of Hydrologic Parameters on the Hydraulic Efficiency of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Area. Water. 2016; 8 (2):44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppina Garofalo; Stefania Palermo; Francesca Principato; Theodoros Theodosiou; Patrizia Piro. 2016. "The Influence of Hydrologic Parameters on the Hydraulic Efficiency of an Extensive Green Roof in Mediterranean Area." Water 8, no. 2: 44.