One hundred and thirty-nine medicinal plant species were screened for their allelopathic activity through volatile emissions using Lactuca sativa as a test plant. Volatile emissions from the leaves of star anise (Illicium verum) showed the highest inhibition (100%) on the radicle and hypocotyl growth. Using headspace gas collection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), seven major volatile compounds from the leaves of star anise, including α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, D-limonene, camphor, and L-fenchone were detected. To determine volatile compounds that may contribute to the inhibitory activity of star anise, the allelopathic potential of individual volatiles from star anise was evaluated using the cotton swab bioassay. The EC₅₀ was calculated for each of the seven identified compounds. L-fenchone showed the strongest growth inhibitory activity (EC₅₀ is 1.0 ng/cm³ for radicle and hypocotyl growth of lettuce), followed by 1,8-cineole, and camphene. This is the first report that L-fenchone could be an important volatile allelochemical from the leaves of star anise. From the actual concentration of each volatile compound in headspace and EC₅₀ value, we concluded that the four volatile compounds, including L-fenchone, 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, and camphene are the most important contributors to the volatile allelopathy of star anise.

Successional agroforestry systems (SAFS) mimic the structure of natural forests while providing economical outputs. This study clarifies how carbon cycling and carbon sequestration change during successional development of SAFS. In Brazil, three successional stages of SAFS, 6, 12, and 34 years old, were compared in terms of carbon balance. Aboveground biomass, fruit harvest, litterfall, soil respiration, and soil organic carbon were measured for two years and analyzed. Carbon sequestration expressed by net primary productivity increased with age of SAFS from 9.8 Mg·C·ha⁻¹·year⁻¹ in 6-year-old system to 13.5 Mg·C·ha⁻¹·year⁻¹ in 34-year-old system. Accumulation of plant biomass and increased internal carbon cycling in SAFS led to an intensive sequestration of carbon. SAFS can be a sustainable way of agricultural production on vulnerable tropical soils.

Background: With the acceleration of aging and urbanization, how to make cities more age-friendly has become a hot topic. During the long-term demographic transition, the health of the elderly has become an important consideration in urban planning and management. The health of the elderly is a complex issue. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the health defects related to disease incidence, loss of function, mortality, etc., yet a comprehensive evaluation of health status is lacking. The Cumulative Health Deficit Index (CHDI) is a composite index that combines psychological and physiological indicators. Health deficits can reduce the quality of life of the elderly and increase the burden on families, cities and even society, so it is indispensable to understand the individual factors and regional factors that affect CHDI. The research on the spatial differentiation of CHDI and its driving factors can provide scientific geographic information basis for the construction of age-friendly cities and healthy city planning. It also has great significance in narrowing the differences in the health status among regions and reducing the overall burden of the country. Methods: This research analyzed a nationwide dataset, the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey in 2018 conducted by the Renmin University of China, which contained 11,418 elderly aged 60 years and older from 28 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions that represent 95% of the population in mainland China. The Cumulative Health Deficit Index (CHDI) was the first time constructed using the entropy-TOPSIS method to evaluate the health status of the elderly. Entropy-TOPSIS is to quantify the importance of each indicator by calculating the entropy value to improve the reliability and accuracy of the results and avoid the influence of previous researchers’ subjective assignments and model assumptions on the results. The selected variables include physical health 27 indicators (self-rated health, basic mobility assessment, daily activity ability, disease and treatment) and mental health 36 indicators (cognitive ability, depression and loneliness, social adjustment, and filial piety concept). The research used the Geodetector methods (factor detection and interaction detection) that combined individual and regional indicators to analyze the spatial variation characters and reveal the driving factors of CHDI. Results: The weight of mental health indicators (75.73) is three times that of physical health indicators (24.27), and its composition formula is: CHDI value = (14.77% disease and treatment + 5.54% daily activity ability + 2.14% health self-assessment + 1.81% basic mobility assessment) + (33.37% depression and loneliness + 25.21% cognitive ability + 12.46% social adjustment + 4.7% filial piety). Individual CHDI was more associated with age and was more evident in females than males. CHDI average values show the distribution trend of Hu Line (HL) in the geographic information graph that the CHDI in West HL regions are lower than in the East HL regions. The highest CHDI cities are in Shanxi, Jiangsu, and Hubei, whereas the lowest CHDI cities are Inner Mongolia, Hunan and Anhui. The geographical distribution maps of the 5-levels of CHDI levels show very different CHDI classification levels among the elderly in the same region. Further, the top three influential factors are personal income, empty nest, aged 80+, and regional factors also obviously affect CHDI values, such as the proportion participating in insurance, population density, and GDP. The two different factors in individual and regional factors all show a two-factor interaction effect, and enhancement or nonlinear enhancement. The top three ranks are personal income ∩ quality of air (0.94), personal income ∩ GDP (0.94), and personal income ∩ urbanization rate (0.87). Conclusions: CHDI is a subjective and objective comprehensive index, and mental indicators are primary factors. Thus attaching importance to the psychological care of the elderly is the key to building a healthy aging society. The large individual heterogeneity and spatial differentiation of CHDI in the elderly were demonstrated by map visualization. The analysis of the influencing factors of CHDI by the Geodetector method proves that spatial differentiation is mainly affected by individual economic and social security factors, but also by the interaction with regional factors such as quality of air, GDP, and urbanization rate. This research fills a gap in the elderly health status in the field of spatial geography. The results can provide empirical evidence for policymakers to take measures according to local conditions to improve the health status of the elderly according to regional differences in physical and mental conditions. It also plays a guiding role for the country in balancing regional economic development, promoting healthy and sustainable urban development, and creating age-friendly cities.

The Asia-Pacific region has gradually become a driver of global economic growth, with economic integration agreements (EIAs) and climate distance playing increasingly important roles in the agri-food trade in the 21st century. The recent signing and implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) have garnered global attention. This study examines the roles of different types of regional trade agreements and climate distance in the agri-food trade in the Asia-Pacific region and constructs a trade system involving 19 member countries of the RCEP and the CPTPP by analyzing panel data from 2003 to 2022. The Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator is employed to estimate an augmented gravity model that considers domestic trade flows, endogeneity issues, reverse causality, globalization effects, long-term effects, and overlapping membership. The empirical findings demonstrate that partial scope agreements and EIAs significantly promote bilateral agri-food trade, whereas temperature distance acts as a barrier and precipitation distance has a negligible effect. Overlapping members of the RCEP and CPTPP exhibit cumulative positive effects three years after the implementation of EIAs, resulting in an approximately 52.1% increase in the bilateral agri-food trade after ten years. Additionally, overlapping membership mitigates the long-term negative impact of temperature distance. This study reveals that the seven overlapping members of the RCEP and CPTPP in the Asia-Pacific region achieve greater benefits more quickly through EIAs, suggesting that overlapping membership can be an effective adaptive strategy for dealing with climate change.