Approximately 95% of skeletal size, bone, and muscle mass is achieved by the age of 18, with a rapid acceleration in bone mineral accumulation and muscle growth during the adolescent growth spurt. Bone mineral status in children and adolescents in Kazakhstan is a relevant subject for both clinical and fundamental research. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) and the factors associated with it in children and adolescents living in the Abay region of Kazakhstan. The target group consisted of children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years (n = 509) who had been residing in the Abay region of Kazakhstan since birth. Based on physiological age, participants were divided into two groups: 5–10 years (preschool and early school age) and 11–17 years (adolescence). All participants completed a questionnaire and underwent bone mineral density assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Comparisons were made between two age groups (5–10 and 11–17 years) and based on the presence or absence of reduced bone mineralization. Regression analysis identified four factors independently associated with reduced bone mineralization: ionized calcium (AOR 2099.9; p = 0.007), age (AOR 1.21; p = 0.013), body weight (AOR 0.97; p = 0.047), and green vegetables (AOR 0.46; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that 50.5% of children aged 5–10 years and 57.4% of adolescents aged 11–17 years had BMD below the age-specific norm. The study identified several risk factors that are associated with a decrease in BMD. These include blood ionized calcium, age, inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables and dairy products, low physical activity, and insufficient sun exposure. These findings highlight the importance of early prevention of osteopenic conditions beginning in childhood and adolescence.

Osteoporosis is considered a serious public health problem that particularly affects the postmenopausal period. In 2018, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 10.0, and the incidence was 3.7 new cases, per 100,000 adults, respectively. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of osteoporosis and indicate the main factors affecting low bone mineral density by screening the adult population of the Abay region, Kazakhstan. The target group comprised 641 respondents aged between 18 and 65 years old, from a Kazakh population, who had been living in the Abay region since birth. All participants filled out a questionnaire and were subjected to a bone mineral density measurement by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) between 15 July 2023 and 29 February 2024. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between low bone mineral density and key demographic characteristics, such as lifestyle factors and nutritional habits. We identified the prevalence of low bone mass (osteopenia) and osteoporosis to be 34.1%, with the highest prevalence of 48.3% being found in the older population group (50+ years). The regression analysis revealed a number of indicators associated with the likelihood of bone sparing. However, only four of these showed significance in the final multivariate model (R² = 22.4%). These were age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.05) and fracture history (AOR 1.64) directly associated with the likelihood of low bone density. Meanwhile, the body mass index (AOR 0.92) and the consumption of nuts and dried fruits (AOR 0.48) reduced the chance of bone tissue demineralization. Additional studies examining the prevalence and any emerging risk factors for osteoporosis are needed to advance clinical epidemiological knowledge and implement public health programs.

Osteoporosis is considered a serious public health problem, particularly affecting the postmenopausal period. In 2018, in the Republic of Kazakhstan the total and primary incidence was 10 and 3.7 cases per 100,000 adults, respectively. The objective is to study osteoporosis prevalence and indicate main factors affecting low bone mineral density by screening adult population of Abay region, Kazakhstan. The target group were 641 respondents aged between 18 and 65 years old, Kazakh population living in Abay region since birth. All participants filled out questionnaire and had a bone mineral density measurement by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) between July 15, 2023 and February 29, 2024. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between low bone mineral density and key demographic characteristics, aforementioned lifestyle factors and nutrition habits. We identified the prevalence of low bone density and osteoporosis at the level of 34.1% with the highest prevalence in the older population group (50+ years) - 48.3%. Regression analysis revealed a number of indicators associated with the likelihood of bone sparing. However, only 4 of these showed significance in the final multivariate model (R2=22.4%). These included age (AOR 1.05), body mass index (AOR 0.92), fracture history (AOR 1.64), consumption of nuts and dried fruits were associated with lower prevalence of osteoporosis (AOR 0.48). Our study was the first in Kazakhstan that investigates the association of key demographic, behavior and anamnestic factors with low mineral density.

Актуальность. Остеопороз (ОП) является наиболее распространенным нарушением метаболизма скелета, которое поражает женщин в постменопаузе и включает в себя микроархитектурные нарушения и снижение минеральной плотности костной ткани (МПК), вызванные дефицитом эстрогена, связанным с менопаузой, и увеличением возраста. Остеопороз и избыточная масса тела являются двумя важными аспектами здоровья костной системы и обмена веществ. Существует тесная взаимосвязь между массой тела и МПК, которая проявляется через влияние различных компонентов тела, таких как мышечная и жировая масса. Цель: изучить взаимосвязь между минеральной плотностью кости и индексом массы тела у лиц среднего и пожилого возраста Материалы и методы.Исследование проведено с июля 2023 года по март 2024 года в два этапа. Набор участников исследования проводился в Университетском госпитале НАО «Медицинский университет Семей» в областном центре Абайского региона, городе Семей. Основная информация для первого этапа исследований и анкеты были собраны у 408 респондентов. На втором этапе МПК участников исследования измеряли с помощью DXA. Были сформированы группы с нормальной и низкой МПК. Результаты. Средний возраст в группе с нормальной МПК составил 55.9±7.61 лет и в группе с низкой МПК 58.8±7.6 лет. Анализ данных между двумя группами показал статическую значимость ИМТ (р<0.001) и переломы после незначительных травм и падений (р=0.003). Для определения связи между ИМТ и МПК нами был проведен регрессионный анализ, который выявил ряд показателей, связанных с вероятностью сохранения кости: возраст (AOR 1.04; 95% CI от 1.01 до 1.07; р <0.006), индекс массы тела (AOR 0.90; 95% CI от 0.86 до 0.94; р <0.000), история переломов (AOR 1.67; 95% CI от 1.05 до 2.66; р <0.030). Заключение. Наше исследование показало, что решение проблемы снижения МПК у лиц пожилого возраста должно быть направлено на контроль индекса массы тела, что возможно при соблюдении диеты, достаточной физической активности. Эти мероприятия необходимо начинать в среднем возрасте и вне зависимости от пола пациентов. Actuality. Оsteoporosis (OP) is the most common skeletal metabolic disorder that affects postmenopausal women and includes microarchitectural disorders and decreased bone mineral density (BMD) caused by estrogen deficiency associated with menopause and increasing age. Osteoporosis and overweight are two important aspects of bone health and metabolism. There is a close relationship between body weight and BMD, which is manifested through the influence of various body components such as muscle and fat mass. The aim to study the relationship between bone mineral density and body mass index in middle-aged and elderly people. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024 in two stages. The study participants were recruited at the Semey Medical University University Hospital in the regional center of the Abai region, Semey city. Basic information for the first stage of the research and questionnaires were collected from 408 respondents. At the second stage, the BMD of the study participants was measured using DXA. Groups with normal and low BMD were formed Results.The average age in the group with normal BMD was 55.9±7.61 years and in the group with low BMD 58.8±7.6 years. Data analysis between the two groups showed the static significance of BMI (p<0.001) and fractures after minor injuries and falls (p=0.003). To determine the relationship between BMI and BMD, we performed regression analysis, which revealed a number of indicators related to the probability of bone preservation: age (AOR 1.04; 95% CI from 1.01 to 1.07; p <0.006), body mass index (AOR 0.90; 95% CI from 0.86 to 0.94; p <0.000), fracture history (AOR 1.67; 95% CI from 1.05 to 2.66; p <0.030). Conclusion. Our study has shown that the solution to the problem of reducing BMD in old age should be aimed at controlling risk factors such as body mass index, dieting, and sufficient physical activity. These activities should be initiated in middle age and regardless of the gender of the patients. Кіріспе. Остеопороз (ОП) – бұл менопаузадан кейінгі әйелдерге әсер ететін және менопаузаға байланысты эстроген тапшылығы мен жасының ұлғаюынан туындаған...

Background. Skeletal health is of paramount importance during childhood and adolescence, as it directly influences growth, development, and overall quality of life. Individuals who do not achieve optimal bone mass during these critical periods are at risk of developing osteoporosis, even if they do not experience accelerated bone loss in adulthood. In recent years, biochemical markers have become valuable tools for assessing bone metabolism and turnover. However, interpreting these results remains challenging, as measurements fluctuate based on factors such as age, pubertal stage, growth rate, mineral accumulation, hormonal regulation, nutritional status, circadian and diurnal variations, tissue specificity, and the sensitivity and specificity of analytical methods. Serum markers of bone formation include bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and the C- and N-terminal propeptides of type I collagen. Urinary markers of bone resorption include degradation products of type I collagen such as pyridinoline (PYD), deoxypyridinoline (D-PYD), and the C- and N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX and NTX).Therefore, it is essential to establish reference values that account for age and sex in each pediatric population, considering their specific climatic conditions and lifestyle factors. Aim. To analyze the literature on the role of bone turnover markers and their reference values in children. Search Strategy: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: "bone metabolism markers," "osteopenic syndrome in children," "osteoporosis diagnosis," "C-terminal telopeptide," and "reference values of bone metabolism markers." The search was limited to studies published in English over the past 10 years. 40 sources were reviewed. Discussion. An analysis of the literature indicates that quantitative values of osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, and alkaline phosphatase in the blood of healthy children and adolescents from different countries vary considerably and exhibit gender-specific differences. Conclusion. A review of the literature underscores the importance of assessing bone metabolism markers in pediatric populations. Age-specific reference intervals for these markers, taking into account ethnic, gender, and geographic variations, are clinically significant for evaluating bone metabolism in children and adolescents. Введение. Здоровье скелета имеет первостепенное значение в детском и подростковом возрасте, поскольку оно напрямую влияет на рост, развитие и общее качество жизни. Люди, которые не достигают адекватной костной массы в детстве и подростковом возрасте, подвержены риску развития остеопороза, даже если у них не происходит ускоренной потери костной массы во взрослом возрасте. В последние годы биохимические маркеры стали ценным инструментом для оценки костного метаболизма и костного обмена. Однако интерпретация результатов затруднена, поскольку такие измерения колеблются в зависимости от возраста, стадии полового созревания, скорости роста, накопления минералов, гормональной регуляции, статуса питания, циркадных колебаний, суточных колебаний и специфичности костной ткани, а также чувствительности и специфичности анализов. Сывороточные маркеры формирования костной ткани включают костную щелочную фосфатазу, остеокальцин и C- и N-концевые пропептиды коллагена I типа. Маркеры резорбции кости в моче включают продукты распада коллагена I типа, такие как пиридиновые сшивки (пиридинолин [PYR], дезоксипиридинолин [D-PYR]) и C- и N-телопептиды коллагена I типа (CTx и NTx). Таким образом, для каждой детской популяции, проживающей в определенном климате и с похожим образомжизни, должны быть получены референсные значения с учетом возраста и пола. Цель. Анализ литературных источников о роли маркеров костного обмена и их референсных значении у детей. Стратегия поиска. Проведен систематический поиск в базах PubMed, Google Scolar по ключевым словам: «маркеры костного метаболизма», «остеопенический синдром у детей», «диагностика остеопороза», «С концевой телопептид», «референсные значения маркеров костного метаболизма». Этот поиск был ограничен англоязычными исследованиями, опубликованными с 2015 по 2024 гг. Изучено 40 источников. Обсуждение. Анализ публикаций показал, что количественные значения гормона...

Введение. Остеопороз (ОП) - системное заболевание скелета, которое характеризуется снижением костной массы, приводящее к увеличению хрупкости кости и риску возникновения переломов. ОП - это наиболее распространенное хроническое метаболическое заболевание костей и представляет собой серьезную глобальную проблему здравоохранения, ежегодно приводящую к 8,9 миллионам переломов во всем мире. Цель исследования. Изучение факторов риска нарушения процесса накопления костной массы возрастных особенностей минерализации скелета, которое неразрывно связано с количественной оценкой костной массы методом рентгеновской денситометрии. Методы исследования. Проведение исследования, направленного на выявление факторов развития ОП у взрослых и детей в г. Семей и области Абай проходило в несколько этапов. Этап 1. Разработка анкет. Этап 2. Тестирование групп исследования. Анкетирование проводилось ручным способом на бумажном носителе с последующим внесением в электронный формат пакета Еxсel. Этап 3. Остеоденситометрия. На базе Университетского госпиталя НАО «Медицинский университет Семей» группам исследования проведена рентгеновская денситометрия на аппарате PRIMUS Osteosys (2020). Результаты. По результатам анкетирования из 30 взрослых: средний возраст составил 40±5 лет, среднее ИМТ 24±2. По результатам анкетирования из 30 детей: средний возраст составил 13±1 лет, среднее ИМТ 20,2±1. При проведении двухэнергетической рентгеновской абсорбциометрии (DXA) у 5 (17%) человек был выявлен ОП, у 9(30%) человек остеопения, что можем связать с влиянием социально-бытовых факторов. Исходя из данных анкетирования можно отметить у детей низкую физическую активность, которая в свою очередь влияет на развитие низкой МПК. Выводы. Авторы предлагают применять метод денситометрии, который выявляет наиболее достоверный фактор риска развития переломов – низкую минеральную плотность кости. Метод денситометрии необходимо включать в перечень исследований при подозрении на остеопороз, при этом предпочтительнее использовать рентгенологические денситометры. Introduction. Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass, leading to increased bone fragility and the risk of fractures. AP - is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease and is a major global health problem, resulting in 8.9 million fractures worldwide each year. Purpose of the study. Study of risk factors for disruption of the process of bone mass accumulation and age-related features of skeletal mineralization, which is inextricably linked with the quantitative assessment of bone mass using X-ray densitometry. Methods. The study aimed at identifying factors for the development of AP in adults and children in the city of Semey and the Abay region took place in several stages. Stage 1. Development of questionnaires. Stage 2. Testing of study groups. The survey was carried out manually on paper and then entered into electronic format in Excel. Stage 3. Osteodensitometry. At the University Hospital of Semey Medical University, the study groups underwent X-ray densitometry using the PRIMUS Osteosys device (2020). Results. According to the results of a survey of 30 adults: the average age was 40±5 years, the average BMI was 24±2. According to the results of a survey of 30 children: the average age was 13±1 years, the average BMI was 20.2±1. When conducting dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), AP was detected in 5 (17%) people, osteopenia in 9 (30%) people, which can be associated with the influence of social and everyday factors. Based on the survey data, it can be noted that children have low physical activity, which in turn affects the development of low BMD. Conclusions. The authors propose to use the densitometry method, which identifies the most reliable risk factor for fractures – low bone mineral density. The densitometry method should be included in the list of studies if osteoporosis is suspected, and it is preferable to use x-ray densitometers. Кіріспе. Остеопороз (ОП) – сүйектің жүйелі ауруы, бұл сүйек массасының төмендеуімен сипатталады, нәтижесінде сүйектің сынғыштығы және сынудың қаупі жоғарылайды. ОП –...