Salinity is not only a major environmental factor which limits plant growth and productivity, but it has also become a worldwide problem. However, little is known about the genetic basis underlying salt tolerance in cotton. This study was carried out to identify marker-trait association signals of seven salt-tolerance-related traits and one salt tolerance index using association analysis for 215 accessions of Asiatic cotton. According to a comprehensive index of salt tolerance (CIST), 215 accessions were mainly categorized into four groups, and 11 accessions with high salinity tolerance were selected for breeding. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed nine SNP rich regions significantly associated with relative fresh weight (RFW), relative stem length (RSL), relative water content (RWC) and CIST. The nine SNP rich regions analysis revealed 143 polymorphisms that distributed 40 candidate genes and significantly associated with salt tolerance. Notably, two SNP rich regions on chromosome 7 were found to be significantly associated with two salinity related traits, RFW and RSL, by the threshold of −log₁₀P ≥ 6.0, and two candidate genes (Cotton_A_37775 and Cotton_A_35901) related to two key SNPs (Ca7_33607751 and Ca7_77004962) were possibly associated with salt tolerance in G. arboreum. These can provide fundamental information which will be useful for future molecular breeding of cotton, in order to release novel salt tolerant cultivars.

In Kazakhstan, the genus Tulipa is represented by 35 species, 18 of which are listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan and protected by the state. Recent studies of tulip specimens from regions bordering Kazakhstan emphasize the significance of species inventory and report the discovery of several hybrids. In this study, eight tulip species were identified based on morphological characteristics and using DNA barcoding methods. Molecular genetic markers, including nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA markers (rbcL, matK), of the studied species were sequenced and analyzed using the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis methods. Our work demonstrates that DNA barcodes based on the ITS, rbcL, and matK marker regions have successful practical applicability, with ITS being the most informative at the intragenic level. However, for distinguishing closely related taxa, the most effective approach would be to use a combined dataset of sequences from multiple DNA markers. The results showed discrepancies in the placement of several taxa (T. kaufmanniana, T. patens), likely due to introgression and natural spontaneous hybridization. The molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests the existence of a previously undescribed hybrid between T. patens and T. alberti. Further detailed population studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.

Environmental stresses, such as drought, salinity, and pathogen attacks, significantly affect potato growth, development, and yield by disrupting key physiological and biochemical processes. Plant responses to these stresses are mediated by changes in gene expression, transcriptional regulation, and the activity of various functional proteins, all of which contribute to the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance. Genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been effectively used to enhance the resistance of potato to environmental stresses and to improve its nutritional value. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent studies retrieved from academic databases focusing on the effects of various environmental stressors on potato growth, yield, and postharvest storage. It also examines the influence of these stresses on the production of secondary metabolites and their associated molecular pathways. Finally, the review highlights advancements in the application of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technologies between 2021 and 2025 to improve stress tolerance and nutritional traits in potato plants.

Gossypium L. is one of the largest genera, known for its diversity and economic value among field crops, while allotetraploid cotton species have a valuable source of a model system for studying plant polyploidy, phylogeny, and breeding. This review provides, first, the production and use of Cotton (Gossypium) in the world. Second, important information on cotton cultivation and production in Kazakhstan was provided in detail. Third, we summarized the phylogeny of Gossypium L. Fourth, we provided a brief summary of morphological characteristics and whole genome sequence studies of seven allotetraploid cotton species including G. hirsutum (AD)1, G. barbadense (AD)2, G. tomentosum (AD)3, G. mustelinum (AD)4, G. darwinii (AD)5, G. ekmanianum (AD)6 and G. stephensii (AD)7. This review is valuable for future agronomic and molecular research studies on cotton.

Cotton (Gossypium L.) is one of the most economically significant crops globally, with its cultivation spanning diverse geographic regions. The genus Gossypium comprises over 50 species, four of which are widely cultivated for their superior fiber quality. First, this review provides a summary of the phylogey of Gossypium, including genomic features of diploid and allotetraploid species. Second, we detail the origin of all Gossypium species and the human-mediated introduction of G. arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. barbadense, G. hirsutum, and G. harknessii species into new areas. This review highlights the need for continued research into the genetic diversity and adaptive mechanisms of cotton to enhance its sustainable production worldwide.