Context: Routing algorithms play a crucial role in the performance of Network-on-Chip (NoC)-based Multi-Processor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoC). However, the selection of appropriate and effective routing algorithms poses a challenge for designers, given the multitude of assessment criteria, data fluctuations, and varying criteria importance. Objective: In this study, we propose a comprehensive assessment of various routing algorithms, aiming to identify the most suitable and effective routing algorithm that satisfies designers’ system-level requirements and assessment criteria. Method: This research integrates the Fuzzy-Weighted Zero-Inconsistency (FWZIC) method and the Fuzzy Decision by Opinion Score Method (FDOSM). The utilisation of the Z-Cloud Rough Numbers (ZCRNs) environment addresses the challenge of two types of uncertainty, providing a framework for managing ambiguity in the data and achieving a higher level of data freedom. Our methodology consists of two main phases. Firstly, the decision matrix is constructed based on the performance assessment criteria and routing algorithms. Secondly, we employ the ZCR-FWZIC method to derive the weights for each criterion and subsequently employ the ZCR-FDOSM-BM approach to rank the routing algorithms. Result: The analysis reveals that Adaptive Dimensional Bubble Routing (ADBR), Message-based Congestion-Aware Routing (MCAR), and Dynamic and Adaptive Routing Algorithm (DyAd) are ranked as the top three routing algorithms, respectively. Conclusion: This research presents essential implications for designers and system engineers involved in NoC-based MPSoC, offering insights to enhance decision-making processes and facilitate the selection of an appropriate routing algorithm.

Context: Denial-of-Service Attack countermeasure techniques (DoS A-CTs) evaluation is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem based on different MPSoCs of IoT platform design, performance, and design overhead. Therefore, the Fermatean by fuzzy decision opinion score method (F-FDOSM) for prioritizing the powerful countermeasure technique against Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is the best approach because it employs the most efficient MCDM ranking technique. Nonetheless, the FDOSM method needs to weigh the criteria before being submitted for the ranking process. In order to address this theoretical challenge, the Criteria-importance through inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC) technique can be applied as an effective MCDM weighting technique to offer an explicit weight for a set of criteria with no inconsistency based on the standard deviation, which uses correlation analysis to determine the relevance of each criterion. Objectives: This research proposes a Fermatean-FDOSM framework for evaluating DoS A-CTs in the context of MPSoCs-based IoT and CRITIC techniques to weight the criteria. Methods: The methodology is presented in three phases. Firstly, a proposed countermeasure techniques dataset was collected that included eighteen defense approaches (e.g., Sniffer, SeRA, and RLAN) based on thirteen criteria (e.g., size, power, latency, and effectiveness ... etc.). Then, the decision matrix was built based on an intersection of the countermeasure techniques as an alternative and MPSoC design and performance criteria. Then, the multi-criteria decision-making methods were integrated. The CRITIC method for criteria weighting was followed by the development of the Fermatean-FDOSM method for ranking. Results: (1) CRITIC weighting shows that MPSoC NoC Routing Algorithm (XY and YX) is the highest weight criterion, whereas latency (clock/cycle) is the less weight criterion. (2) The Fermatean-FDOSM-based group ranking shows that the Collision Point Router Detection (CPRD) countermeasure technique is the first-ranked alternative compared to the Secure Model Checkers (SMCs) approach. (3) The DoS A-CTs priority ranks were subjected to a systematic ranking that was confirmed by solid correlation results throughout thirteen criterion weight values. A comparison with recent studies confirmed the feasibility of the proposed framework. Conclusion: The results of this research are expected to provide a specific understanding and guide for those who want to engage in MPSoCs-based IoT and NoC communication security research with decision theory.

Context: Network-on-Chips (NoCs) serve as essential interconnection infrastructures in Multi-processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) designs, emphasizing flexibility, extensibility, and low power consumption. The effectiveness of communication within NoCs relies heavily on the routing algorithm employed. However, the routing process faces significant challenges, such as deadlock, livelock, congestion, and faults, which impact the Design Space Exploration (DSE) process. Objective: In this research, we propose a prediction model-based ANN with a Metaheuristic Optimization approach for predicting the utilized routing algorithm by the NoC-based MPSoC platform during the DSE in order to reduce the time required to specify the NoC-based MPSoC platform configurations. Method: The main idea of the proposed method is to develop a prediction model, specifically an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) optimized using the Guaranteed Convergence Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (GCAOA-ANN), for predicting the utilized routing algorithm in NoC-based MPSoC platform during the DSE process. The methodology consists of two phases. Firstly, an automated strategy is proposed to execute and control the NOXIM simulator, enabling the simulation and collection of NoC-based MPSoC scenarios under different constraints, rules of NoC design (including routing protocols), and performance metrics. Consequently, NoC traffic data is gathered. Secondly, building upon the work of previous researchers, who have suggested the development of hybrid models to improve accuracy, this research introduces a novel methodology incorporating an ANN optimized using the GCAOA-ANN to predict the routing algorithm employed by the NoC-based MPSoC. Results: The hybrid GCAOA-ANN model demonstrated superior performance compared to other models, including PSOGW-ANN, SMA-ANN, AOA-ANN, Random Forest, and ANN. Where the learning rate and the number of nodes in the first and second hidden layers were: (0.0023, 1, 20) for the GCAOA-ANN model. In addition, the evaluation metrics of the GCAOA-ANN model showed excellent results, with an R2 value of (99.80%), an RMSE of (0.0000135 m3/s), an MSE of (0.0000118 m3/s), an SI of (0.000077), an MBE of (0.0000028), and a MAR of (0.000187616 m3/s). Conclusion: The outcomes of this research are anticipated to offer a guide for individuals interested in conducting research on On-Chip communication routing protocols and DSE in NoC-based MPSoCs in the context of IoT using ML approaches, while the GCAOA-ANN has the potential to generalize to new problems.