We have demonstrated a straightforward and scalable manufacturing process for the development of a 3D-printed conducting microneedle array-based electrochemical point-of-care device for the minimally invasive sensing of chlorpromazine.

Scheme shows the incorporation of Trypan blue (Try) as an organic linker in designing bimetallic organic frameworks. R_ct values indicate 3d–3d MOFs can achieve a more conductive network compared to 3d–4f MOFs.

We have developed a straightforward and scalable fabrication strategy to create laser-induced graphene on the tips of a carbon-coated 3D-printed microneedle array-based wearable electrochemical sensor to detect OZP in interstitial fluid.

This study describes the processing of microneedle (MN) arrays with three different heights of arrowhead (600 µm (A1), 800 µm (A2), and 1000 µm (A3)), pyramid (600 µm (P1), 800 µm (P2), and 1000 µm (P3)), and turret (600 µm (T1), 800 µm (T2), and 1000 µm (T3)) designs using a digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing method. The 3D-printed MNs were examined for their morphological characteristics and mechanical performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging confirmed that all of the MNs were fabricated without fracture or bending. Each design exhibited distinct structural characteristics: arrowhead MNs displayed a well-defined morphology with sharp tips, pyramid MNs showed slight layering, and turret MNs, characterized by a wider base and sharp tips, had a smoother surface compared to the other designs. Mechanical tests revealed that the arrowhead MNs carried less load and were more prone to bending, while the pyramid and turret designs provided higher mechanical stability and penetration capacity. The pyramid design (P3) showed the highest mechanical strength, while turret MNs offered a more stable performance despite lower penetration capacity. These findings highlight the critical role of geometric design in optimizing MN performance for effective transdermal drug delivery.