Background: Disruptions in the mesh of the ecosystem come with implications that severely harm the sustainability and the equilibrium of life. Interactions of humans, animals, and many other organisms, along with the whole ecological complex, have given birth to zoonotic diseases, which can vary in type and burden. Collaborative efforts put into the prioritization of environmental, animal, and human health are envisioned as “One Health”. Understanding vector ecology and the varying mechanistic ways of transmission is crucial for constructing effective One Health surveillance tools and warning systems. Methods: We identified the literature available concerning the subject matter. We utilized scholarly databases to gather research for the last 10 years using predefined keywords. Objectives: This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the interconnection between climate discrepancies, ecological alarms, and the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. We attempted to provide recommendations for future research and policy interventions. Results: Human activities have significantly impacted disease-carrying vectors and wildlife habitats, aiding their proliferation and the spillover of diseases. Global frameworks incorporating One Health principles enhance global preparedness for future health threats. Applying the integrated One Health Surveillance has strengthened early warning systems. Interdisciplinary collaborations and tools like OH-EpiCap, a comprehensive tool that assesses and enhances the capacities of One Health surveillance systems, have significantly contributed to responding to infectious disease outbreaks, as seen in the Netherlands, reducing the risk of tick-borne diseases. Conclusions: Strides have been made with comprehensive processes that identify and prioritize zoonotic diseases of most significant concern and burden, such as OHZDP, approaches like One Health, and other theories considered. A proactive and integrated approach will build resilience against potential outbreaks and ensure a healthier future for our planet and its inhabitants.

Artificial intelligence is undoubtedly emerging, and its various manifestations in technology are widely and deeply embedded in our communities. That is what obliges its mindful and skillful use and utilization, especially for infectious disease prevention. Over 1 million people are affected by infectious diseases, and the whole globe is carrying a huge burden of DALYs due to infection mortality and morbidity, which can be mitigated by the proper use of machine learning and deep learning features for data analytics and monitoring of real-time changes, and even point out the anticipated timing of pandemics. The application of machine learning and deep learning allows for forecasting and monitoring of outbreaks, which can contribute to converting the distribution of medical resources into an efficient, patient-centered approach. There are various algorithms and ML models applied in infectious disease surveillance to promote public health security. The following review considers the interface between AI and public health, with considerations of successful applications and concerns in technology acceptance and governance. Key public health policy recommendations derived from recent literature are also presented.

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the hope for the full optimization of drug therapy while minimizing the accompanying adverse drug events that cost billions of dollars annually. Since years before the century, it has been known that inter-individual variations contribute to differences in specific drug responses. It is the bridge to what is well-known today as “personalized medicine”. Addressing the drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is one of the features of this science, owing to patient characteristics that vary on so many occasions. Mainly in the liver parenchymal cells, intricate interactions between the drug molecules and enzymes family of so-called “Cytochrome P450” occur which hugely affects how the body will react to the drug in terms of metabolism, efficacy, and safety. Single nucleotide polymorphisms, once validated for a transparent and credible clinical utility, can be used to guide and ensure the succession of the pharmacotherapy plan. Novel tools of pharmacoeconomics science are utilized extensively to assess cost-effective pharmacogenes preceding the translation to the bedside. Drug development and discovery incorporate a drug-gene perspective and save more resources. Regulations and laws shaping the clinical PGx practice can be misconceived; however, these pre-/post approval processes ensure the product’s safety and efficacy. National and international regulatory agencies seek guidance on maintaining conduct in PGx practice. In this patient-centric era, social and legal considerations manifest in a way that makes them unavoidable, involving patients and other stakeholders in a deliberate journey toward utmost patient well-being. In this comprehensive review, we contemporarily addressed the scientific leaps in PGx, along with various challenges that face the proper implementation of personalized medicine in Egypt. These informative insights were drawn to serve what the Egyptian population, in particular, would benefit from in terms of knowledge and know-how while maintaining the latest global trends. Moreover, this review is the first to discuss various modalities and challenges faced in Egypt regarding PGx, which we believe could be used as a pilot piece of literature for future studies locally, regionally, and internationally.