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Farzad Taheripour
Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

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Correspondence
Published: 16 May 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Malins et al. (2020) recently published “How robust are reductions in modeled estimates from GTAP-BIO of the indirect land use change induced by conventional biofuels?“, provided their narrative from the model improvements in GTAP-BIO over time, made several critical points regarding this model, and argued that the implemented improvements in this model tended to decrease Induce Land Use Changes (ILUC) emissions. They also provided several critical points regarding the Carbon Calculator for Land Use Change from Biofuels Production (CCLUB) emissions model. In this response to Malins et al. we address these critiques point-by-point by providing our detailed responses to key issues: 1) the GTAP-BIO model and its improvements over time; 2) the inclusion of cropland pasture in the model; 3) the observed land use changes in the US that have been the bases for improvements in GTAP-BIO model, 4) the time trends in corn price and yield to challenge the concept of the yield to price response; 5) some sources of land intensification in crop production; 6) the FAO notifications with respect to the comparison between harvested area and arable land; and 7) the GTAP-BIO results for multiple cropping. We also provided responses to Malins et al. critical points regarding the CCLUB emissions model. We hope that this response letter will open more constructive discussion among the LUC modeling community to remain focused on the big picture regarding agriculture's role as a very effective GHG mitigation tool that can shape the new policies to govern the production and consumption of biofuels.

ACS Style

F. Taheripour; S. Mueller; H. Kwon. Response to “how robust are reductions in modeled estimates from GTAP-BIO of the indirect land use change induced by conventional biofuels?”. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 310, 127431 .

AMA Style

F. Taheripour, S. Mueller, H. Kwon. Response to “how robust are reductions in modeled estimates from GTAP-BIO of the indirect land use change induced by conventional biofuels?”. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 310 ():127431.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Taheripour; S. Mueller; H. Kwon. 2021. "Response to “how robust are reductions in modeled estimates from GTAP-BIO of the indirect land use change induced by conventional biofuels?”." Journal of Cleaner Production 310, no. : 127431.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2020 in Biotechnology for Biofuels
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Background It has been argued that the US biofuel policy is responsible for the land use changes in Malaysia and Indonesia (M&I). In this paper, following a short literature review that highlights the relevant topics and issues, we develop analytical and numerical analyses to evaluate the extent to which production of biofuels in the US alters land use in M&I. The analytical analyses make it clear that market-mediated responses may generate some land use change in M&I due to biofuel production in the US. These analyses highlight the role of substitution among vegetable oils in linking these economies in markets for vegetable oils. To numerically quantify these effects, we modified and used a well-known Computable General Equilibrium model (CGE), GTAP-BIO. We conducted some sensitivity tests as well. Results According to the simulation results obtained from two base case scenarios for corn ethanol and soy biodiesel, we find that producing 15 BGs of corn ethanol and 2 BGs gallons of soy biodiesel together could potentially increase area of cropland in M&I by 59.6 thousand hectares. That is less than 0.5% of the cropland expansion in M&I for the time period of 2000–2016, when biofuel production increased in the US. The original GTAP-BIO model parameters including the regional substitution rates among vegetable oils were used for the base case scenarios. The estimated induced land use change (ILUC) emissions values for corn ethanol and soy biodiesel are about 12.3 g CO2e MJ−1, 17.5 g CO2e MJ−1 for the base case scenarios. The share of M&I in the estimated ILUC emissions value for corn ethanol is 10.9%. The corresponding figure for soy biodiesel is much higher, 78%. The estimated ILUC emissions value for soy biodiesel is sensitive with respect to the changes in the regional rates of substitution elasticity among vegetable oils. That is not the case for corn ethanol. When we replaced the original substitution elasticities of the base case, which are very large (i.e., 5 or 10) for many regions, with a small and uniform rate of substitution (i.e., 0.5) across the world, the ILUC emissions value for soy biodiesel drops from 17.5 g CO2e MJ−1 to 10.16 g CO2e MJ−1. When we applied larger substitution elasticities among vegetable oils, the estimated ILUC emissions value for soy biodiesel converged towards the base case results. This suggests that, other factors being equal, the base case substitution elasticities provide the largest possible ILUC emissions value for soy biodiesel. Finally, our analyses clearly indicate that those analyses that limit their modeling framework to only palm and soy oil and ignore other types of vegetable oils and fats provide misleading information and exaggerate about the land use implications of the US biofuels for M&I. Conclusion (1) Production of biofuels in the US generates some land use effects in M&I due to market-mediated responses, in particular through the links between markets for vegetable oils. These effects are minor compared to the magnitude of land use change in M&I. However, because of the high carbon intensity of the peatland the emissions fraction of M&I is larger, in particular for soy biodiesel. (2) The GTAP-BIO model implemented a set of regional substitution elasticities among vegetable oils that, other factors being equal, provides the largest possible ILUC emissions value for soy biodiesel. (3) With a larger substitution elasticity among all types of vegetable oils and animal fats in the US, less land use changes occur in M&I. That is due to the fact that a larger substitution elasticity among vegetable oils in the US, diverts a larger portion of the additional demand for soy oil to non-palm vegetable oils and animal fats that are produced either in the US or regions other than M&I. (4) Those analyses that limit their modeling framework to only palm and soy oils and ignore other types of vegetable oils and fats provide misleading information and exaggerate about the land use implications of the US biofuels for M&I.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. US biofuel production and policy: implications for land use changes in Malaysia and Indonesia. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2020, 13, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Wallace E. Tyner. US biofuel production and policy: implications for land use changes in Malaysia and Indonesia. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2020; 13 (1):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. 2020. "US biofuel production and policy: implications for land use changes in Malaysia and Indonesia." Biotechnology for Biofuels 13, no. 1: 1-17.

Correspondence
Published: 11 December 2019 in Energy Policy
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In a recent article, Santeramo and Searle (2019: Henceforth San-Sea) argued that the linkages between the soy oil and palm oil markets and their land use consequences could negatively affect the climate performance of the US Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and California's Low Fuel Standard. To support their arguments, San-Sea estimated the own and cross-price elasticities for supplies of soy and palm oils in the US. These authors refer to a valid point that induced land use changes may negatively impact emissions savings due to biofuels. However, their estimated elasticities provide no new insight on this issue. In addition, their approach, findings, analysis, and conclusion are subject to several deficiencies and limitations. These authors provide no new evidence for the link between biofuel production and land use change due to substitution among vegetable oils. In what follows, we reflect on some important facts and concerns.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Michael S. Delgado; Wallace E. Tyner. Response to Santeramo and Searle (2019). Energy Policy 2019, 137, 111159 .

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Michael S. Delgado, Wallace E. Tyner. Response to Santeramo and Searle (2019). Energy Policy. 2019; 137 ():111159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Michael S. Delgado; Wallace E. Tyner. 2019. "Response to Santeramo and Searle (2019)." Energy Policy 137, no. : 111159.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2019 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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The global demand for palm oil has grown rapidly over the past several decades. Much of the output expansion has occurred in carbon- and biodiversity-rich forest lands of Malaysia and Indonesia (M&I), contributing to record levels of terrestrial carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. This has led to a variety of voluntary and mandatory regulatory actions, as well as calls for limits on palm oil imports from M&I. This paper offers a comprehensive, global assessment of the economic and environmental consequences of alternative policies aimed at limiting deforestation from oil palm expansion in M&I. It highlights the challenges of limiting forest and biodiversity loss in the presence of market-mediated spillovers into related oilseed and agricultural commodity and factor markets, both in M&I and overseas. Indeed, limiting palm oil production or consumption is unlikely to halt deforestation in M&I in the absence of active forest conservation incentives. Policies aimed at restricting palm oil production in M&I also have broader consequences for the economy, including significant impacts on consumer prices, real wages, and welfare, that vary among different global regions. A crucial distinction is whether the initiative is undertaken domestically, in which case the M&I region could benefit, or by major palm oil importers, in which case M&I loses income. Nonetheless, all policies considered here pass the social welfare test of global carbon dioxide mitigation benefits exceeding their costs.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Thomas W. Hertel; Navin Ramankutty. Market-mediated responses confound policies to limit deforestation from oil palm expansion in Malaysia and Indonesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116, 19193 -19199.

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Thomas W. Hertel, Navin Ramankutty. Market-mediated responses confound policies to limit deforestation from oil palm expansion in Malaysia and Indonesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019; 116 (38):19193-19199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Thomas W. Hertel; Navin Ramankutty. 2019. "Market-mediated responses confound policies to limit deforestation from oil palm expansion in Malaysia and Indonesia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 38: 19193-19199.

Replies
Published: 30 May 2018 in Biofuels
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(2018). Reply to Oladosu and Kline (2018). Biofuels. Ahead of Print.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. Reply to Oladosu and Kline (2018). Biofuels 2018, 12, 359 -361.

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Wallace E. Tyner. Reply to Oladosu and Kline (2018). Biofuels. 2018; 12 (3):359-361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. 2018. "Reply to Oladosu and Kline (2018)." Biofuels 12, no. 3: 359-361.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2018 in Global Environmental Change
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Telecoupling is a novel concept describing simultaneous multiscale interactions between human and natural systems across long distances. One important vehicle for telecoupling is international agricultural trade, which has previously been addressed using multiregional input-output (MRIO) methods. This study advances that work by accounting for market-mediating factors based on the GTAP-BIO model. We apply this framework to analyze the economic and environmental consequences of the Brazilian soybean boom. We decompose the drivers of this telecoupled system into five groups – macroeconomic growth, soybean productivity, other crop productivity, government policies, and pasture and forestry factors – quantifying each socio-economic driver’s local and distant contributions to all human and natural changes in this system. We find that China’s macroeconomic growth boosted soybean production and exports from Brazil and the US, whereas macroeconomic growth in the latter two regions actually dampened soybean exports over the 2004–2011 period under examination. Brazil’s strong soybean productivity growth over this period, allowed that country to become dominant in the global soybean market. It also had strong spillover effects, displacing the US in the Chinese market and reducing overall growth in soybean output in the US. This strong soybean productivity growth also contributed to cropland expansion in Brazil.

ACS Style

Guolin Yao; Thomas W. Hertel; Farzad Taheripour. Economic drivers of telecoupling and terrestrial carbon fluxes in the global soybean complex. Global Environmental Change 2018, 50, 190 -200.

AMA Style

Guolin Yao, Thomas W. Hertel, Farzad Taheripour. Economic drivers of telecoupling and terrestrial carbon fluxes in the global soybean complex. Global Environmental Change. 2018; 50 ():190-200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guolin Yao; Thomas W. Hertel; Farzad Taheripour. 2018. "Economic drivers of telecoupling and terrestrial carbon fluxes in the global soybean complex." Global Environmental Change 50, no. : 190-200.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2017 in Biotechnology for Biofuels
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The GTAP model has been used to estimate biofuel policy induced land use changes and consequent GHG emissions for more than a decade. This paper reviews the history of the model and database modifications and improvements that have occurred over that period. In particular, the paper covers in greater detail the move from the 2004 to the 2011 database, and the inclusion of cropland intensification in the modeling structure. The results show that all the changes in the global economy and agricultural sectors cause biofuels induced land use changes and associated emissions can be quite different using the 2011 database versus 2004. The results also demonstrate the importance of including land intensification in the analysis. The previous versions of GTAP and other similar models assumed that changes in harvested area equal changes in cropland area. However, FAO data demonstrate that it is not correct for several important world regions. The model now includes land intensification, and the resulting land use changes and emission values are lower as would be expected. Dedicated energy crops are not similar to the first generation feedstocks in the sense that they do not generate the level of market-mediated responses which we have seen in the first-generation feedstocks. The major market-mediated responses are reduced consumption, crop switching, changes in trade, changes in intensification, and forest or pasture conversion. These largely do not apply to dedicated energy corps. The land use emissions for cellulosic feedstocks depend on what we assume in the emissions factor model regarding soil carbon gained or lost in converting land to these feedstocks. We examined this important point for producing bio-gasoline from miscanthus. Much of the literature suggests miscanthus actually sequesters carbon, if grown on the existing active cropland or degraded land. We provide some illustrative estimates for possible assumptions. Finally, it is important to note the importance of the new results for the regulatory process. The current California Air Resources Board carbon scores for corn ethanol and soy biodiesel are 19.8 and 29.1, respectively (done with a model version that includes irrigation). The new model and database carbon scores are 12 and 18, respectively, for corn ethanol and soy biodiesel. Thus, the current estimates values are substantially less than the values currently being used for regulatory purposes.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Xin Zhao; Wallace E. Tyner. The impact of considering land intensification and updated data on biofuels land use change and emissions estimates. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2017, 10, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Xin Zhao, Wallace E. Tyner. The impact of considering land intensification and updated data on biofuels land use change and emissions estimates. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2017; 10 (1):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Xin Zhao; Wallace E. Tyner. 2017. "The impact of considering land intensification and updated data on biofuels land use change and emissions estimates." Biotechnology for Biofuels 10, no. 1: 1-16.

Book chapter
Published: 15 July 2017 in Frontiers of Economics and Globalization
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ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. What Would Happen If We Don’t Have GMO Traits? Frontiers of Economics and Globalization 2017, 17, 53 -67.

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Wallace E. Tyner. What Would Happen If We Don’t Have GMO Traits? Frontiers of Economics and Globalization. 2017; 17 ():53-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. 2017. "What Would Happen If We Don’t Have GMO Traits?" Frontiers of Economics and Globalization 17, no. : 53-67.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Journal of Global Economic Analysis
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ACS Style

Iman Haqiqi; Farzad Taheripour; Jing Liu; Dominique Van Der Mensbrugghe. Introducing Irrigation Water into GTAP Data Base Version 9 (Supplementary files). Journal of Global Economic Analysis 2016, 1, 1 .

AMA Style

Iman Haqiqi, Farzad Taheripour, Jing Liu, Dominique Van Der Mensbrugghe. Introducing Irrigation Water into GTAP Data Base Version 9 (Supplementary files). Journal of Global Economic Analysis. 2016; 1 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iman Haqiqi; Farzad Taheripour; Jing Liu; Dominique Van Der Mensbrugghe. 2016. "Introducing Irrigation Water into GTAP Data Base Version 9 (Supplementary files)." Journal of Global Economic Analysis 1, no. 2: 1.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2016
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This paper uses an advanced computable general equilibrium model coupled with biophysical data on land and water resources by Agro-ecological zone at a river basin level to examine: 1) the economy-wide consequences of improvement in water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigation in South Asia; 2) the extent to which enhanced WUE can increase food production and improve food security in South Asia; and 3) how WUE in irrigation alters demand for water and affects land use across South Asia. Given that the extent to which the economies of South Asia can actually improve water use efficiency in irrigation is uncertain, it tests four different levels of efficiency gains in irrigation: 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. It examines improvement in WUE under two alternative cost assumptions: 1) improvement in WUE is costless and 2) improvement in WUE needs additional investment. With a 10 percent improvement in WUE, the overall respective increases in food production during the time period 2008-2030 in India, Bangladesh and the rest of South Asia would be about $50.5 billion, $3.5 billion and $29.6 billion at 2007 constant prices. Improvement in WUE in irrigation reduces the rain-fed harvested areas and increases irrigated areas. A 10 percent improvement in WUE increases the areas of irrigated cropland by 6.1 million hectares, 296,000 hectares and 1.9 million hectares in India, Bangladesh and the rest of South Asia. When improvement in WUE is costless, the net present values of gains due to a 10 percent improvement in WUE (with a 3 percent social discount rate) are about $45.6 billion for India, $3.6 billion for Bangladesh, and $21.8 billion for rest of South Asia at 2007 constant prices for the time period of 2007-2030. Gains grow as the level of improvement in WUE increases. When improvement in WUE needs additional investments, welfare gains drop but gains in food production remain high.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Thomas Hertel; Sebnem Sahin. Economic and land use impacts of improving water use efficiency in South Asia. 2016, 1 .

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Thomas Hertel, Sebnem Sahin. Economic and land use impacts of improving water use efficiency in South Asia. . 2016; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Thomas Hertel; Sebnem Sahin. 2016. "Economic and land use impacts of improving water use efficiency in South Asia." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2015 in Sustainable Agriculture Research
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What would be the impacts of a viable market for corn stover? A partial equilibrium model and a linear programing model were used to determine to what extent the existence of a viable market for corn stover would affect the traditional corn-soybean crop rotation in the US. We find that with government support production of biofuel from corn stover could significantly increase. That boosts profitability of farming corn in combination with harvesting corn stover versus soybeans. We show that if corn stover is demanded for biofuel, then a major shift will be observed in crop rotations in the US.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Julie Fiegel; Wallace E. Tyner. Development of Corn Stover Biofuel: Impacts on Corn and Soybean Markets and Crop Rotation. Sustainable Agriculture Research 2015, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Julie Fiegel, Wallace E. Tyner. Development of Corn Stover Biofuel: Impacts on Corn and Soybean Markets and Crop Rotation. Sustainable Agriculture Research. 2015; 5 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Julie Fiegel; Wallace E. Tyner. 2015. "Development of Corn Stover Biofuel: Impacts on Corn and Soybean Markets and Crop Rotation." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 1: 1.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2015
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The main objective of this study was to evaluate what would be the economic and environmental consequences of losing the GMO traits in the U.S. for the major crops of corn, soybeans, and cotton. The first step was to obtain from the literature a range of estimates of the yield loses if we move away from GMO traits in the U.S. The second step was to introduce the yield losses obtained in the first step into a well known CGE model, GTAP-BIO, to quantify the land use and economic impacts of banning GMO traits in the U.S. Our analyses confirms that if we do not have access to the GMO technology, a significant amount of land would need to be converted from other crops, cropland pasture, pasture, and forest to meet the global food demand. The land expansion likely is similar to the entire U.S. ethanol program. Furthermore, induced land use emissions were significantly larger that the corresponding figure for corn ethanol. The price changes for corn were as high as 28% and for soybeans as high as 22%. In general, the price increases for the reference and average cases were higher than those observed previously for biofuel shocks. Food price changes in the U.S. amount to $14 - $24 billion per year. As expected, welfare falls both in the U.S. and globally.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Harry Mahaffey; Wallace E. Tyner. Evaluation of Economic, Land Use, and Land Use Emission Impacts of Substituting Non-GMO Crops for GMO in the US. 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Harry Mahaffey, Wallace E. Tyner. Evaluation of Economic, Land Use, and Land Use Emission Impacts of Substituting Non-GMO Crops for GMO in the US. . 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Harry Mahaffey; Wallace E. Tyner. 2015. "Evaluation of Economic, Land Use, and Land Use Emission Impacts of Substituting Non-GMO Crops for GMO in the US." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2015
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This paper uses an advanced Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model coupled with biophysical data on future changes in crop yields due to climate change to examine: 1) the consequences of climate change for India’s agricultural and food products; 2) the extent to which water scarcity can affect the irrigation adoption and demand for water; and 3) how water scarcity, climate change, and trade jointly alter land use changes across the Indian subcontinent. It shows that when water scarcity is ignored, irrigated areas grows due to changes in crop yields induced by climate change. When water scarcity is introduced, competition for water increases and that largely reduces demand for irrigation across all river basins in India. When available water for irrigation is not limited, climate change alone could moderately increase agricultural outputs at national level and that leads to some welfare gains. However, water scarcity, induced by expansion in water demand in non-agricultural uses and lack of water infrastructure, blocks the demand for irrigation and that generates significant negative impacts on the economy of India and its agricultural activates. The overall welfare losses due to water scarcity for this economy is expected to be about $3.2 billion (at 2007 prices) in 2030. With a 3% discount rate, the net present value of the annual reductions in welfare will be about $24.3 billion for 2008 to 2030.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Thomas W. Hertel; Badri N. Gopalakrishnan; Sebnem Sahin; Jorge J. Escurra. Agricultural production, irrigation, climate change, and water scarcity in India. 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Thomas W. Hertel, Badri N. Gopalakrishnan, Sebnem Sahin, Jorge J. Escurra. Agricultural production, irrigation, climate change, and water scarcity in India. . 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Thomas W. Hertel; Badri N. Gopalakrishnan; Sebnem Sahin; Jorge J. Escurra. 2015. "Agricultural production, irrigation, climate change, and water scarcity in India." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2015
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The economy of South Asia faces serious challenges in water availability, which are expected to aggravate over the coming decades. In this context, we assess the long-run economy-wide impact of potential water scarcity in South Asia within a global context. This paper uses a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, in tandem with an advanced comparative static CGE model, to examine the differences in economic growth possibilities in South Asia with and without water scarcity. Alternative assumptions on substitution between water and other inputs are considered. Our analysis shows that water scarcity is likely to affect economic growth of entire South Asian region adversely, more so in the future years. The potential losses for not pursuing productivity improvements in water use are huge, ranging from 7% to 45% of the potential GDP in 2030. Further looking at the sectoral impacts, we also find that water scarcity generates larger price impacts, particularly in the food sectors, in the medium term.

ACS Style

Badri G. Narayanan; Farzad Taheripour; Thomas W. Hertel; Sebnem Sahin; Jorge J. Escurra. Water Scarcity in South Asia: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Badri G. Narayanan, Farzad Taheripour, Thomas W. Hertel, Sebnem Sahin, Jorge J. Escurra. Water Scarcity in South Asia: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. . 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Badri G. Narayanan; Farzad Taheripour; Thomas W. Hertel; Sebnem Sahin; Jorge J. Escurra. 2015. "Water Scarcity in South Asia: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2015
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This paper uses an advanced computable general equilibrium model to evaluate the extent to which incorporation of climate change induced changes in crop yields could impact forest carbon sequestration with a carbon tax. We find that the reduction in crop yields in many regions does negatively impact the potential for forest carbon sequestration. The yield reduction causes more land to be needed for crop production making less available for forest. In addition, the crop yield reduction reduces overall crop production and significantly increases crop and livestock prices. These prices increase substantially even though demand has been reduced due to the negative economic impacts of the carbon tax. Developing countries have much more negative economic impacts than rich countries.

ACS Style

Luis M. Pena-Levano; Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. The Economic Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Climate Change: Interactions among Carbon Tax, Forest Sequestration and Climate Change Induced Crop Yield Impacts. 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Luis M. Pena-Levano, Farzad Taheripour, Wallace E. Tyner. The Economic Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Climate Change: Interactions among Carbon Tax, Forest Sequestration and Climate Change Induced Crop Yield Impacts. . 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis M. Pena-Levano; Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. 2015. "The Economic Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Climate Change: Interactions among Carbon Tax, Forest Sequestration and Climate Change Induced Crop Yield Impacts." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2014 in Global Environmental Change
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There is increasing interest in the water–food nexus, especially the restrictive effect of water on food production in hot spots where irrigation stress is growing. However, little is known about the larger-scale implications of future irrigation shortfalls for global trade and economic welfare, as well as of the potential buffering impacts of international trade on the local impacts of irrigation shortage. In this paper, we utilize a recently developed model, GTAP-BIO-W, to study the economic effects of changes in irrigation outlook for 126 river basins, globally by 2030. Projected irrigation availability is obtained from the IMPACT-WATER model, and imposed upon the present-day economy. Irrigation availability in 2030 is expected to drop by 30–60% in several key rivers basins, including: Hai He, Indus, Luni, and the Eastern Mediterranean basin, leading to significant output declines in China, South Asia, and the Middle East. We find that the regional production impacts of future irrigation water shortages are quite heterogeneous, depending on the size of the shortfall, the irrigation intensity of crop production, the possibility of expanding rainfed areas, as well as the crop mix. These changes in regional output significantly alter the geography of international trade. To compensate for the loss of productivity caused by the irrigation constraint, an estimated 7.6 million hectares of cropland expansion is needed to meet the demand for food. In spite of the remarkable reduction of irrigation in some basins, the resulting welfare impact is relatively modest as a result of the buffering capacity of global markets. The global welfare loss amounts to $3.7 billion (2001 prices) and results from a combination of the reduction in irrigation availability as well as the interplay with agricultural support policies

ACS Style

Jing Liu; Thomas W. Hertel; Farzad Taheripour; Tingju Zhu; Claudia Ringler. International trade buffers the impact of future irrigation shortfalls. Global Environmental Change 2014, 29, 22 -31.

AMA Style

Jing Liu, Thomas W. Hertel, Farzad Taheripour, Tingju Zhu, Claudia Ringler. International trade buffers the impact of future irrigation shortfalls. Global Environmental Change. 2014; 29 ():22-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Liu; Thomas W. Hertel; Farzad Taheripour; Tingju Zhu; Claudia Ringler. 2014. "International trade buffers the impact of future irrigation shortfalls." Global Environmental Change 29, no. : 22-31.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2014 in Energies
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This research asks and answers a question that had been avoided by all the previous research on biofuels impacts. That is, to what extent are the US and EU biofuels sustainability criteria binding in the sense that if applied, sufficient land would be available to implement the programs? In answering the question, we simulate the global land by agro-ecological zone that would be needed to supply feedstocks for the US and EU biofuel programs using an advanced version of the GTAP-BIO model. Then we estimate the global area of land that would not be available due to sustainability criteria restrictions, again by agro-ecological zone. Finally, we determine the extent to which the US and EU sustainability criteria are binding and find that they are not binding at the biofuel levels currently targeted by the US and EU. In addition, we evaluate the same question, but this time freezing global food consumption, and get the same answer—plenty of land is available to meet the targets and supply food demands.

ACS Style

Krissana Treesilvattanakul; Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. Application of US and EU Sustainability Criteria to Analysis of Biofuels-Induced Land Use Change. Energies 2014, 7, 5119 -5128.

AMA Style

Krissana Treesilvattanakul, Farzad Taheripour, Wallace E. Tyner. Application of US and EU Sustainability Criteria to Analysis of Biofuels-Induced Land Use Change. Energies. 2014; 7 (8):5119-5128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krissana Treesilvattanakul; Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. 2014. "Application of US and EU Sustainability Criteria to Analysis of Biofuels-Induced Land Use Change." Energies 7, no. 8: 5119-5128.

Editorial
Published: 04 July 2014 in Biofuels
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“The results obtained from these simulations indicate that extracting corn oil reduces the induced land use emissions due to total biofuel production…. The bottom line is that more biofuel is produced from the same or fewer land resources, so total system land use emissions fall.”

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. Corn oil biofuel land use change emission impacts: sharing emission savings between ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels 2014, 5, 353 -364.

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Wallace E. Tyner. Corn oil biofuel land use change emission impacts: sharing emission savings between ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels. 2014; 5 (4):353-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. 2014. "Corn oil biofuel land use change emission impacts: sharing emission savings between ethanol and biodiesel." Biofuels 5, no. 4: 353-364.

Book chapter
Published: 09 May 2014 in Springer Texts in Business and Economics
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In this paper, we have shown that partial equilibrium evaluations of biofuels policies can lead to misleading results. We develop a stylized theoretical model to show how a general equilibrium setup can improve the analysis of price, welfare, rebound, and other impacts. We then implement an empirical analysis of the US corn ethanol mandate and show that inclusion of agricultural subsidies and income tax impacts are very important. Previous work has seriously underestimated the price impacts on coarse grains because the financing of the implicit subsidy did not consider the reduction of agricultural subsidies. Also, other studies in the literature have estimated huge gasoline price decreases due to the US ethanol program. We show that the gasoline price impact is essentially negligible. These other studies did not include all the economy wide impacts. We also show the rebound, trade, and welfare impacts of the policy cases. The land use impact varies significantly with implemented ethanol policy, but the welfare impacts do not differ meaningfully across the cases.

ACS Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. Welfare Assessment of the Renewable Fuel Standard: Economic Efficiency, Rebound Effect, and Policy Interactions in a General Equilibrium Framework. Springer Texts in Business and Economics 2014, 73, 613 -632.

AMA Style

Farzad Taheripour, Wallace E. Tyner. Welfare Assessment of the Renewable Fuel Standard: Economic Efficiency, Rebound Effect, and Policy Interactions in a General Equilibrium Framework. Springer Texts in Business and Economics. 2014; 73 ():613-632.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzad Taheripour; Wallace E. Tyner. 2014. "Welfare Assessment of the Renewable Fuel Standard: Economic Efficiency, Rebound Effect, and Policy Interactions in a General Equilibrium Framework." Springer Texts in Business and Economics 73, no. : 613-632.

Book chapter
Published: 24 November 2013 in Plants and BioEnergy
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Second generation or cellulosic biofuels have potential to become a reliable source of renewable fuel. In this chapter we describe five major uncertainties that currently inhibit the development of these biofuels: (1) future oil prices, (2) feedstock availability and cost, (3) conversion technology efficiency and cost, (4) environmental impacts, and (5) government policy. In each of these areas, there are significant issues that impede development and commercialization of the second generation biofuels industry. However, all of these uncertainties could be managed if society were willing to pay the higher cost of cellulosic biofuels.

ACS Style

Wallace E. Tyner; Farzad Taheripour. Advanced Biofuels: Economic Uncertainties, Policy Options, and Land Use Impacts. Plants and BioEnergy 2013, 35 -48.

AMA Style

Wallace E. Tyner, Farzad Taheripour. Advanced Biofuels: Economic Uncertainties, Policy Options, and Land Use Impacts. Plants and BioEnergy. 2013; ():35-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wallace E. Tyner; Farzad Taheripour. 2013. "Advanced Biofuels: Economic Uncertainties, Policy Options, and Land Use Impacts." Plants and BioEnergy , no. : 35-48.