The increasing use of petroleum plastics has caused environmental damage due to the degradation time of these materials. An alternative to petroleum plastics could be thermoplastic starch (TPS). However, thermoplastic starch does not exhibit satisfactory tensile properties. The mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch can be improved by adding sisal microfibers. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different levels of glycerol and sisal microfibers on the thermal and tensile properties of thermoplastic corn starch composites. The microfibers were obtained via mechanical treatment followed by chemical treatment (alkaline treatment and bleaching). The films were obtained by the casting method using commercial corn starch and glycerol as a plasticizing agent, reinforced with sisal microfibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that the addition of microfibers did not change the chemical structure of the TPS matrix. The films from the samples with 18% glycerol and 10% microfibers had the highest value for the maximum tension, equal to 4.78 MPa. The thermal decomposition profile of TPS was not altered by the addition of microfibers. Our findings demonstrated the profound influence of glycerol and microfiber contents on the tensile properties of thermoplastic starch composites.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adição do óxido de cálcio na redução da temperatura de sinterização e nas propriedades cerâmicas de agregado sintético à base de resíduo de bauxita. Foram utilizados resíduo de bauxita, óxido de cálcio e argila para a produção de corpos de prova com a adição de 0% e 10% de óxido de cálcio. As propriedades físicas determinadas foram: absorção de água, porosidade aparente e massa específica aparente, e as matérias-primas foram submetidas a ensaios de Difração de raios X (DRX), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) e Análise Termogravimétrica. A microestrutura das cerâmicas foi avaliada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e DRX, e foi realizado o ensaio de DSC nas formulações compostas por resíduo de bauxita e argila com e sem a adição de óxido de cálcio. Os resultados indicaram que a adição do óxido de cálcio aumentou a porosidade aparente e, por consequência, a absorção de água, enquanto houve também o aumento da massa específica aparente. Quanto à mineralogia, a presença do óxido de cálcio mostrou-se diretamente ligada às alterações das fases minerais, evidenciado principalmente pelo desaparecimento de fases como quartzo e mulita e o surgimento de magnetita.

Currently, petroleum-derived plastics are widely used despite the disadvantage of their long degradation time. Natural polymers, however, can be used as alternatives to overcome this obstacle, particularly cornstarch. The tensile properties of cornstarch films can be improved by adding plant-derived nanofibers. Sisal (Agave sisalana), a very common low-cost species in Brazil, can be used to obtain plant nanofibers. The goal of this study was to obtain sisal nanofibers using low concentrations of sulfuric acid to produce thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films. The films were produced by a casting technique using commercial corn starch, glycerol, and sisal nanofibers, accomplished by acid hydrolysis. The effects of glycerol and sisal nanofiber content on the tensile mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy findings demonstrated that the lowest concentration of sulfuric acid produced fibers with nanometric dimensions related to the concentrations used. X-ray diffraction revealed that the untreated fibers and fibers subjected to acid hydrolysis exhibited a crystallinity index of 61.06 and 84.44%, respectively. When the glycerol and nanofiber contents were 28 and 1%, respectively, the tensile stress and elongation were 8.02 MPa and 3.4%. In general, nanocomposites reinforced with sisal nanofibers showed lower tensile stress and higher elongation than matrices without nanofibers did. These results were attributed to the inefficient dispersion of the nanofibers in the polymer matrix. Our findings demonstrate the potential of corn starch nanocomposite films in the packaging industry.

The residue from the Bayer process has physicochemical characteristics that allow its use in the production of synthetic aggregate, although some characteristics such as low plasticity and water absorption still need better control. In this work, the influence of clay and silica addition on the sintering of synthetic aggregate produced from bauxite residue was analyzed. Compositions containing bauxite residue-sand-clay were elaborated, whose processing occurred using extrusion and crushing, followed by sintering at 1200 °C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction analyses indicated the presence of new phases such as nepheline, originating from sodalite, and mullite resulting from the decomposition of kaolinite. Increasing the amount of free silica in the mixture resulted in an aggregate with a higher bulk density and lower water absorption, indicating that the amount of this raw material influenced the aggregate properties.

Currently, petroleum-derived plastics are widely used. However, one of its main disadvantages is its low degradation time, which is not beneficial to the environment. Therefore, natural polymers are an alternative to overcome this obstacle. Among the natural polymers, starch can be highlighted. Thus, the objectives of our investigation were to obtain sisal nanofibers using low concentrations of acid solutions to produce and characterize corn starch nanocomposites reinforced with these nanofibers. The films were produced by a casting technique using commercial corn starch and glycerol as plasticizing agents; the nanofibers were obtained using acid hydrolysis. The films were subjected to tensile tests to evaluate their resulting mechanical behaviors. The results of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed the possibility of obtaining cellulose nanofibers using a sulfuric acid concentration lower than that previously reported in the literature. The nanocomposites reinforced with plant nanofibers showed lower tensile stress and elongation characteristics than the matrices without nanofibers.

The development of antimicrobial resistance against traditionally used drugs has become a current problem. To address these problems, essential oil emulsions have emerged as one of the solutions. Emulsions, however, may exhibit instability phenomena due to storage time. This study investigated the influence of storage time on the physicochemical properties of cinnamon bark essential oil emulsions. These emulsions were produced using: cinnamon bark essential oil (Cinnamomum cassia) (CEO), coconut oil as the Ostwald ripening inhibitor (OR), and 10 and 20 % (v/v) of polysorbate 80 (CEOE-1 and CEOE-2, respectively) as the surfactant by spontaneous emulsification. The visual appearance of emulsions CEOE-1 and CEOE-2 were evaluated at 0, 15, and 30 days. For these emulsions, the physicochemical properties investigated were: pH, turbidity, and dynamic viscosity at 0, 15 and 30 days. Dynamic light scattering results revealed that the average particle size for CEOE-1 and CEOE-2 are in nanometric dimensions, 176.79 ± 3.13 nm and 182.53 ± 1.47 nm, respectively. Our results demonstrated marginal variations in the physicochemical properties of CEOE-2 at 0, 15 and 30 days. In addition, the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans was found for CEOE-1 and CEOE-2, but not to Staphylococcus aureus.