Introduction and objective: The superior thyroid artery (STA) is one of the two paired arteries that constitute the arterial supply to the thyroid. In the traditional approach, it is described as a branch of the external carotid artery, originating directly above the bifurcation of the common...

Introduction and objective: Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome is a rare congenital disease consisting of vascular malformations, limb overgrowth, large varicose veins and port-wine stains. It is related to the mosaic variants of PIK3CA gene. Patients with KTS usually receive symptomatic treatment,...

In 2020, approximately 287,000 mothers died during pregnancy or childbirth, with one of the leading causes of maternal mortality being peripartum hemorrhage. It can be treated both pharmacologically and procedurally, for example, through uterine artery ligation, embolization, or hysterectomy. In case of procedural treatment, it is essential for the medical team to familiarize themselves with the anatomical structure of the patient's uterine arteries. Various variations in the course of this vessel are distinguished, such as the uterine artery branching as a bifurcation with the inferior gluteal artery, a common trunk of the uterine artery with another vessel, or even its duplication. Using radiological techniques such as angiography, it is possible to visualize vessels and their variations, which can allow for better patient care. Unfamiliarity with the departure and trajectory of the uterine artery may be associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications, especially after hysterectomy, where the uterine arteries close at the level of the uterus or at the beginning of their departure from the internal iliac artery. Ligating them in other place may result in ischemia of an area that should be continuously supplied with blood. Also, during surgery, special attention should be paid to possible anatomical variations of the patient's uterine artery, which, although rare, can cause intraoperative complications. A thorough analysis of the departure and trajectory of the uterine artery by physicians can prevent postoperative complications and also allow for the safe conduct of embolization procedures. The following article presents a literature review on the departure and course of the uterine artery and its variations, as well as procedural interventions related to this vessel.

Introduction and objective: Anconeus epitrochlearis (AE) is an anomalous accessory muscle discovered in 1865. It arises from the vmedial epicondyle of the humerus to the olecranon of the ulna. Its appearance is the result of evolution and has benefits as well as deficits that can be harmful. It...

Introduction and objective: Common carotid arteries are paired vessels supplying the head and neck, and in surgical practice their trifurcation can impact the effectiveness of various oncologic, reconstructive, and interventional procedures. Understanding anatomical variations is crucial for...

Introduction and purpose: Hypertension is a global public health issue, affecting over 1.4 billion people and is responsible for a significant portion of deaths due to heart disease and strokes. Pharmacotherapy, especially antihypertensive drugs, can lead to undesirable effects, including gingival overgrowth, which is a known drug-dependent phenomenon. Despite the availability of numerous drugs from various pharmaceutical classes, gingival overgrowth still remains a serious health problem, particularly among older patients. State of knowledge: Drugs such as calcium channel blockers are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension. Amlodipine, a popular calcium channel blocker, is associated with gingival overgrowth, although the incidence of this effect can vary depending on the dose and duration of use. Gingival overgrowth may have multifactorial mechanisms, including drug-cell interactions and the patient's genetic predispositions. Summary: Drug-induced gingival overgrowth, including amlodipine, is a rare but significant phenomenon that can complicate treatment and lead to serious consequences for the patient. Implementing prophylactic measures, monitoring periodontal state, and continuing periodontal therapy are crucial to minimalize the risk of DIGO. In cases of intensification of symptoms, surgical intervention may be necessary, however, prognosis depends on individual factors, and recurrence can be an issue for susceptible patients.