Background and Objectives: To compare the biometry of eyes obtained with two swept-source optical coherence tomography-based biometers—Argos (A), using an individual refractive index, and IOLMaster 700 (IM), using an equivalent refractive index—for all structures. Materials and Methods: The biometry of 105 eyes of 105 patients before cataracts were analyzed in this study. Parameters such as axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) were compared from both devices. According to the axial length measurements, patients were divided into three groups, as follows: group 1—short eyes (AL < 22.5 mm), group 2—average eyes (22.5 ≤ AL ≤ 26.0 mm), and group 3—long eyes (AL > 26.0 mm). Results: The correlation coefficiency among all compared parameters varies from R = 0.92 to R = 1.00, indicating excellent reliability of IM and A. A statistical significance in axial length was indicated in the group of short eyes (n = 26)—mean AL (A) 21.90 mm (±0.59 mm) vs. AL (IM) 21.8 mm ± (0.61 mm) (p < 0.001)—and in the group of long eyes (n = 5)—mean AL (A) 27.95 mm (±2.62 mm) vs. mean AL (IM) 28.10 mm (±2.64) (p < 0.05). In the group of average eyes (n = 74), outcomes were similar—mean AL (A) 23.56 mm (±0.70 mm) vs. mean AL (IM) 23,56 mm (±0.71 mm) (p > 0.05). The anterior chamber depth measurements were higher when obtained with Argos than with IOLMaster 700—mean ACD (A) 3.06 mm (±0.48 mm) vs. mean ACD (IM) 2.92 mm (±0.46) p < 0.001. There was no statistical significance in mean LT—mean LT (A) 4.75 mm (±0.46 mm) vs. mean LT (IM) 4.72 mm (±0.44 mm) (p = 0.054). The biometry of one eye with dense cataracts could be measured only with Argos, using the Enhanced Retinal Visualization mode. Conclusions: Axial length measurements from both devices were different in the groups of short and long eyes, but were comparable in the group of average eyes. The anterior chamber depth values obtained with Argos were higher than the measurements acquired with IOLMaster 700. These differences may be particularly important when selecting IOLs for patients with extreme AL values.

Introduction: The gut microbiota is a key component of the gut-brain axis, and its dysbiosis promotes neuroinflammation. The microbiome plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This article focuses on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the keywords: "gut microbiota," "neurodegenerative diseases," "probiotics," and "fecal microbiota transplantation." A selection of relevant materials was then analyzed. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota on the development of neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular focus on Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, and to explore the possibility of slowing their progression or improving their treatment by subjecting the microbiota to change. Description of the state of knowledge: Targeting the gut microbiota represents a novel avenue for managing NDDs. Therapeutic strategies focusing on microbiota modulation, including probiotics and FMT, show significant potential. Further research is essential to validate these approaches and optimize personalized treatments for AD and PD. Results: Gut microbiota dysbiosis was found to significantly contribute to the progression of AD and PD diseases by promoting neuroinflammation, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, and altering neurotransmitter levels. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains and FMT showed potential in restoring microbial balance and reducing inflammation and improved cognitive and motor functions. Despite these promising findings, clinical evidence remains limited, and further research is necessary.

Purpose: This literature review aims to identify and analyse the most common mechanisms causing injuries in the craniofacial region their diagnosis and possible sequelae. Methods: The study analysed publications from the Medline database made available in PubMed and Google Scholar considering the following keywords "maxillofacial injuries" and/or "maxillofacial trauma" and/or "maxillofacial fractures". Results: Craniofacial injuries in polytrauma patients are often complicated by their heterogeneous nature and coexistence with other injuries. Their incidence and mechanisms vary depending on the country of investigation. Diagnosis includes advanced imaging techniques such as CT scans. Treatment often requires multidisciplinary collaboration. Conclusions: Craniofacial injuries in polytraumatic patients require a complex diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial to achieve the best clinical outcome. The most common causes include road traffic collisions, assaults, falls and sports-related injuries. Despite properly applied treatment protocols, they generate changes in the stomatognathic system, sensory disturbances, blindness and, in extreme cases, can lead to death

This paper examines the impact of playing tennis on the visual system, providing an in-depth analysis of physiological, adaptive, and risk-related aspects associated with the sport. The dynamic nature of tennis necessitates intensive visual engagement to track a fast-moving ball, thereby enhancing dynamic vision, depth perception, and visuomotor coordination. On the other hand, the sport also poses risks such as eye strain and mechanical injuries, including corneal and retinal damage. The study underscores the importance of peripheral vision in the game and the need for the visual system to adapt to varying lighting conditions. The authors highlight the benefits of implementing vision exercises and protective measures, such as sunglasses and contact lenses. The significance of preventive measures, regular eye check-ups, and education for players, coaches, and parents is also emphasized. Although demanding, tennis offers opportunities to improve visual functions, contributing to athletic development and visual health.

Skiing, although it offers numerous health and emotional benefits, is associated with the risk of eye injuries. In high-altitude conditions, the eyes are exposed to intense UV radiation reflected by the snow, which can lead to snow blindness (photokeratitis). This condition manifests itself with severe pain, photophobia, and tearing, and its more serious consequences can include permanent corneal opacities. Additionally, extreme weather conditions, such as strong wind and low temperatures, favor drying of the eye surface and irritation of the conjunctiva. Skiers are also exposed to mechanical injuries, such as abrasions, corneal perforations, or orbital fractures, resulting from collisions and falls. In treatment, rapid diagnosis and appropriate medical interventions, including surgery, are crucial. Prevention plays an important role – the use of ski goggles with UV filters, wind protection and education about the risks significantly reduce the risk of eye damage. The work emphasizes the need for further research on improving protective technology and educating skiers to minimize the risk of eye injuries in winter sports.

Introduction: Caffeine is one of the most frequently used psychostimulants in the world. It is present in many drinks consumed around the world. Its stimulating effect on the central nervous system has been known for years. Moreover, many athletes take it before competitions to achieve better results. The aim of this study is to present the effect of caffeine on cognitive abilities, sleep and performance in sports. Material and methods: We searched for materials for this work in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: "caffeine", "caffeine sport", "caffeine sleep", "caffeine brain", "caffeine side effects". Then we analyzed the selected materials. Aim of the study: The effect of caffeine on cognitive abilities, sleep and sports performance. Conclusion: Caffeine helps improve concentration and attention, increases physical performance, supports short-term memory, and may also improve mood by stimulating the production of dopamine. However, you should pay attention to the side effects of its use and withdrawal syndrome.