Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting approximately 2% of the global population, is characterized by a complex interplay of immunological dysregulation, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors. This review explores the dynamic mechanisms underlying psoriasis, highlighting the role of T lymphocytes in targeting healthy skin cells, leading to inflammation and the formation of characteristic white scaly patches on various body parts. Over the past 15 years, significant strides in unraveling the origins of psoriasis have paved the way for the development of precise and highly effective treatments. Key insights into the pathogenesis, particularly the dominance of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-23 (IL-23), have shaped therapeutic strategies to mitigate chronic inflammatory disorders. Notably, various therapies employing different mechanisms of action, including interleukin blockers and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) inhibitors, have emerged as valuable options for psoriasis management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of psoriasis pathophysiology and highlights advanced therapeutic approaches that are widely accessible. The focus extends to emerging targeted drugs, such as netakimab, which functions as an interleukin-17 blocker, currently undergoing clinical trials for psoriasis treatment. By synthesizing the latest research findings, this article aims to contribute to the knowledge base surrounding psoriasis, offering clinicians and researchers valuable insights into the evolving landscape of psoriasis treatment modalities.

1. The pathophysiology of PCOS is multifactorial, involving genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors (Huang et al. 2009). The key protagonist is hyperandrogenism, with increased levels of andro...

Background: Diabetic Cardiomyopathy (DCM) poses a substantial healthcare challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. This review delves into the evolving role of traditional Indian dietary herbs in managing DCM, aiming to shed light on their potential contributions. Methods: A comprehensive examination of the existing body of literature was conducted, synthesizing data from studies exploring the effects of various Indian dietary herbs on DCM. Molecular mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and safety profiles were scrutinized to establish a holistic perspective on their therapeutic potential. Results: The review illuminates the multifaceted benefits of Indian dietary herbs in DCM management. These herbs have demonstrated efficacy in mitigating cardiac dysfunction, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating inflammatory responses. Molecular insights highlight their role in the intricate signaling pathways underlying DCM. Furthermore, their safety profiles render them promising candidates for adjunct therapy. Conclusion: Indian dietary herbs emerge as promising allies in the battle against DCM, offering a holistic approach to the management of this intricate condition. Their cardioprotective effects, coupled with their ability to address the underlying molecular mechanisms, herald a new era in DCM therapy. This review underscores the need for further research to harness the potential of these herbs fully and provides a beacon of hope for individuals affected by DCM.

Introduction: Wound healing is a complex biological process involving inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Persistent inflammation and oxidative stress can delay healing, particularly in surgical and burn wounds. This study investigated the synergistic wound-healing potential of a hydrogel containing hydrocortisone and catechin in surgically excised and burn wound models in Wistar albino rats. Methods: A Carbopol-based hydrogel containing hydrocortisone and catechin was formulated after confirming drug compatibility using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Surgically excised and burn wounds were created in Wistar albino rats, which were randomly assigned to five groups: untreated control, standard treatment, hydrocortisone hydrogel, catechin hydrogel, and combination hydrogel. Wound contraction was assessed on days 1, 5, 10, 15, and 21 (or day 19 for burn wounds). Histopathological evaluation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: The hydrocortisone–catechin hydrogel significantly accelerated wound healing compared with the control and individual treatment groups (p < 0.05). In the excision wound model, the combination treatment reduced the wound area to 0.0162 ± 0.0050 mm² by day 21, while in the burn wound model the wound area decreased to 0.0162 ± 0.0056 mm² by day 19. Histopathological analysis demonstrated enhanced collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and complete re-epithelialization, together with reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the combination-treated group. Discussion: The improved healing response observed with the combination hydrogel suggests a synergistic interaction between hydrocortisone and catechin. Hydrocortisone effectively suppressed excessive inflammation, whereas catechin provided antioxidant protection and promoted collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration. Their complementary mechanisms produced faster wound closure and superior tissue repair compared with either agent alone. Conclusion: The hydrocortisone–catechin hydrogel demonstrated superior wound-healing efficacy in both surgically excised and burn wound models by accelerating wound contraction, reducing inflammation, and improving tissue regeneration. These findings support the potential of this combination hydrogel as a promising topical therapeutic strategy for wound management and warrant further preclinical and clinical investigations.