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To facilitate an understanding of why some environmental policies are acceptable to private citizens and why some are not, we review individual factors that influence the acceptability of environmental policy measures. The factors are categorized in demographic factors, such as age and gender, personal factors such as values and ideology, and policy specific beliefs such as perceptions of how fair or effective a policy is. The reviewed studies indicate that demographic factors generally have small effects on acceptability, that ideology seems to be a consistent predictor among personal factors, and that policy specific beliefs may be effective in explaining acceptability but that the relative importance of the specific beliefs may vary between policy contexts. However, we note methodological concerns in the field of environmental policy acceptability that limit the conclusions that can be drawn from reviews or meta-analyses. We end by giving suggestions for how this field can move forward to provide policy makers with more detailed tools on how to design acceptable environmental policies, for example by introducing more experimental designs, and the standardization of targeting factors, as well as acceptability measures and the improved categorizations of policy tools.
Emma Ejelöv; Andreas Nilsson. Individual Factors Influencing Acceptability for Environmental Policies: A Review and Research Agenda. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2404 .
AMA StyleEmma Ejelöv, Andreas Nilsson. Individual Factors Influencing Acceptability for Environmental Policies: A Review and Research Agenda. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmma Ejelöv; Andreas Nilsson. 2020. "Individual Factors Influencing Acceptability for Environmental Policies: A Review and Research Agenda." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2404.
The phenomenon of collective action and the origin of collective action problems have been extensively and systematically studied in the social sciences. Yet, while we have substantial knowledge about the factors promoting collective action at the local level, we know far less about how these insights travel to large-scale collective action problems. Such problems, however, are at the heart of humanity’s most pressing challenges, including climate change, large-scale natural resource depletion, biodiversity loss, nuclear proliferation, antibiotic resistance due to overconsumption of antibiotics, and pollution. In this paper, we suggest an analytical framework that captures the theoretical understanding of preconditions for large-scale collective action. This analytical framework aims at supporting future empirical analyses of how to cope with and overcome larger-scale collective action problems. More specifically, we (i) define and describe the main characteristics of a large-scale collective action problem and (ii) explain why voluntary and, in particular,spontaneouslarge-scale collective action among individual actors becomes more improbable as the collective action problem becomes larger, thus demanding interventions by an external authority (a third party) for such action to be generated. Based on this, we (iii) outline an analytical framework that illustrates the connection between third-party interventions and large-scale collective action. We conclude by suggesting avenues for future research.
Sverker C. Jagers; Niklas Harring; Åsa Löfgren; Martin Sjöstedt; Francisco Alpizar; Bengt Brülde; David Langlet; Andreas Nilsson; Bethanie Carney Almroth; Sam Dupont; Will Steffen. On the preconditions for large-scale collective action. Ambio 2019, 49, 1282 -1296.
AMA StyleSverker C. Jagers, Niklas Harring, Åsa Löfgren, Martin Sjöstedt, Francisco Alpizar, Bengt Brülde, David Langlet, Andreas Nilsson, Bethanie Carney Almroth, Sam Dupont, Will Steffen. On the preconditions for large-scale collective action. Ambio. 2019; 49 (7):1282-1296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSverker C. Jagers; Niklas Harring; Åsa Löfgren; Martin Sjöstedt; Francisco Alpizar; Bengt Brülde; David Langlet; Andreas Nilsson; Bethanie Carney Almroth; Sam Dupont; Will Steffen. 2019. "On the preconditions for large-scale collective action." Ambio 49, no. 7: 1282-1296.
Descriptive norms guide social behavior by informing what other people do. In a conceptual proposition, we suggest that descriptive norms also could signal what other people don’t do. Building on the evolutionary predisposition to more urgently attend to negative than positive information, we hypothesize that people are more strongly influenced by choices that other people avoid, than by choices that other people choose. Descriptive data in three experiments consistently demonstrated that more participants conformed to information about what other people don’t do (i.e., the don’t‐norm) than information about what other people do (i.e., the do‐norm). We found that don’t‐norms more strongly influenced pro‐environmental choices related to both energy efficiency (Experiment 1) and sustainable food consumption (Experiments 2 and 3). The increased influence of the don’t‐norm were supported in two cultures (Sweden and USA), in two decision contexts (accepting and rejecting), and when using two wordings (want vs. avoid and preferred vs. unpreferred). These results suggest that descriptive do‐ and don’t‐norms are conceptually distinct and that don’t‐norms exert stronger influential power.
Magnus Bergquist; Andreas Nilsson. The DOs and DON’Ts in social norms: A descriptive don’t-norm increases conformity. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 2019, 3, 158 -166.
AMA StyleMagnus Bergquist, Andreas Nilsson. The DOs and DON’Ts in social norms: A descriptive don’t-norm increases conformity. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology. 2019; 3 (3):158-166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnus Bergquist; Andreas Nilsson. 2019. "The DOs and DON’Ts in social norms: A descriptive don’t-norm increases conformity." Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 3, no. 3: 158-166.
Setting up a contest is a popular means to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Yet, research on contest-based interventions is scarce while norm-based interventions have gained much attention. In two field experiments, we randomly assigned 79 apartments to either a contest-based or a norm-based electricity conservation intervention and measured kWh usage for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Results from both studies showed that contest-based interventions promote intensive but short-lived electricity saving. In Study 1 apartments assigned to a norm-based intervention showed more stable electricity saving (low intensity and long-lasting). Study 2 did not replicate this finding, but supported that participants in the norm-based intervention also engaged in non-targeted behaviors. These results emphasize the importance of identifying how different intervention techniques may activate different goals, framing both how people think about and act upon targeted pro-environmental behaviors.
Magnus Bergquist; Andreas Nilsson; Emma Ejelöv. Contest-Based and Norm-Based Interventions: (How) Do They Differ in Attitudes, Norms, and Behaviors? Sustainability 2019, 11, 425 .
AMA StyleMagnus Bergquist, Andreas Nilsson, Emma Ejelöv. Contest-Based and Norm-Based Interventions: (How) Do They Differ in Attitudes, Norms, and Behaviors? Sustainability. 2019; 11 (2):425.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnus Bergquist; Andreas Nilsson; Emma Ejelöv. 2019. "Contest-Based and Norm-Based Interventions: (How) Do They Differ in Attitudes, Norms, and Behaviors?" Sustainability 11, no. 2: 425.
Interventions using either contests or norms can promote environmental behavioral change. Yet research on the implications of contest-based and norm-based interventions is lacking. Based on Goal-framing theory, we suggest that a contest-based intervention frames a gain goal promoting intensive but instrumental behavioral engagement. In contrast, the norm-based intervention was expected to frame a normative goal activating normative obligations for targeted and non-targeted behavior and motivation to engage in pro-environmental behaviors in the future. In two studies participants (n = 347) were randomly assigned to either a contest- or a norm-based intervention technique. Participants in the contest showed more intensive engagement in both studies. Participants in the norm-based intervention tended to report higher intentions for future energy conservation (Study 1) and higher personal norms for non-targeted pro-environmental behaviors (Study 2). These findings suggest that contest-based intervention technique frames a gain goal, while norm-based intervention frames a normative goal.
Magnus Bergquist; Andreas Nilsson; André Hansla. Contests versus Norms: Implications of Contest-Based and Norm-Based Intervention Techniques. Frontiers in Psychology 2017, 8, 2046 -2046.
AMA StyleMagnus Bergquist, Andreas Nilsson, André Hansla. Contests versus Norms: Implications of Contest-Based and Norm-Based Intervention Techniques. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8 ():2046-2046.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnus Bergquist; Andreas Nilsson; André Hansla. 2017. "Contests versus Norms: Implications of Contest-Based and Norm-Based Intervention Techniques." Frontiers in Psychology 8, no. : 2046-2046.
André Hansla; Erik Hysing; Andreas Nilsson; Johan Martinsson. Explaining voting behavior in the Gothenburg congestion tax referendum. Transport Policy 2017, 53, 98 -106.
AMA StyleAndré Hansla, Erik Hysing, Andreas Nilsson, Johan Martinsson. Explaining voting behavior in the Gothenburg congestion tax referendum. Transport Policy. 2017; 53 ():98-106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndré Hansla; Erik Hysing; Andreas Nilsson; Johan Martinsson. 2017. "Explaining voting behavior in the Gothenburg congestion tax referendum." Transport Policy 53, no. : 98-106.
When implementing environmental education and interventions to promote one pro-environmental behavior, it is seldom asked if and how non-target pro-environmental behaviors are affected. The spillover effect proposes that engaging in one behavior affects the probability of engagement or disengaging in a second behavior. Therefore, the positive spillover effect predicts that interventions targeting one specific behavioral have the capacity to promote non-targeted and/or future pro-environmental behaviors. However, the negative spillover effect predicts that engaging in a first pro-environmental behavior will prevent or decrease a second pro-environmental behavior. Since the theoretical and empirical basis for positive and negative spillover effects are not sufficiently understood, the present paper (1) suggests a distinction between behavioral, temporal, and contextual spillovers (2) reviews the existing spillover research literature across a variety of environmental domains, (3) presents potential moderators governing the direction of spillover effects, and finally (4) discuss techniques to promote pro-environmental spillovers.
Andreas Nilsson; Magnus Bergquist; Wesley P. Schultz. Spillover effects in environmental behaviors, across time and context: a review and research agenda. Environmental Education Research 2016, 23, 573 -589.
AMA StyleAndreas Nilsson, Magnus Bergquist, Wesley P. Schultz. Spillover effects in environmental behaviors, across time and context: a review and research agenda. Environmental Education Research. 2016; 23 (4):573-589.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Nilsson; Magnus Bergquist; Wesley P. Schultz. 2016. "Spillover effects in environmental behaviors, across time and context: a review and research agenda." Environmental Education Research 23, no. 4: 573-589.
Andreas Nilsson; André Hansla; Joakim Malmborg Heiling; Cecilia J. Bergstad; Johan Martinsson. Public acceptability towards environmental policy measures: Value-matching appeals. Environmental Science & Policy 2016, 61, 176 -184.
AMA StyleAndreas Nilsson, André Hansla, Joakim Malmborg Heiling, Cecilia J. Bergstad, Johan Martinsson. Public acceptability towards environmental policy measures: Value-matching appeals. Environmental Science & Policy. 2016; 61 ():176-184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Nilsson; André Hansla; Joakim Malmborg Heiling; Cecilia J. Bergstad; Johan Martinsson. 2016. "Public acceptability towards environmental policy measures: Value-matching appeals." Environmental Science & Policy 61, no. : 176-184.
An increasing body of literature suggests that acceptance of environmental policy instruments tends to change along with increased experience of the same. Among the more popular examples of this is the growing number of congestion pricing initiatives emerging around the world. In several cases, the acceptability of these projects among the public has been relatively low before implementation, but then acceptance has increased as experience of the project has grown. The question is just how, and in particular, why? That is, what is it really that experience does to people's propensity to accept initially quite unpopular measures? In this article, we analyze how the relationship between political trust, policy-specific beliefs (PSBs), and public support for policy tools is moderated or affected by people's personal experiences of those policy tools. On the basis of the experience of previous research, we test the way in which PSBs, institutional trust, and the legitimacy of the political decision-making process affect public attitudes toward a policy tool. In addition—and consistent with other studies—we expect these effects to be significantly reduced post-implementation, as people gain first-hand experience of a policy tool. More specifically, we theorize that the often emphasized process legitimacy is only valid as a factor driving support before implementation, and that the effect of general institutional trust is replaced by the level of trust specific to the implementing institutions after the introduction of the policy tool. We tested these hypotheses using a natural experiment; that is, by studying public attitudes toward the introduction of congestion fees in the Swedish city of Gothenburg both before and after their introduction. By doing so, we were able to comprehensively analyze both the drivers behind public sentiments toward congestion charges and how these mechanisms transform as people are exposed to the costs and benefits of the policy tool in practice. Among other things, we found that with regard to fairness and environmental effectiveness, there is a clear symmetry in our results. The level of acceptance increased most noticeably among those who experienced that the environment was improved by the implemented tax, or that the system turned out to be fairer than expected. However, the opposite is also the case. Thus, among those experiencing that the environment was not improved, or that the system appeared to be less fair than expected, the level of acceptance decreased significantly after implementation. These results may have important policy implications.
Sverker C. Jagers; Simon Matti; Andreas Nilsson. How exposure to policy tools transforms the mechanisms behind public acceptability and acceptance—The case of the Gothenburg congestion tax. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2016, 11, 109 -119.
AMA StyleSverker C. Jagers, Simon Matti, Andreas Nilsson. How exposure to policy tools transforms the mechanisms behind public acceptability and acceptance—The case of the Gothenburg congestion tax. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2016; 11 (2):109-119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSverker C. Jagers; Simon Matti; Andreas Nilsson. 2016. "How exposure to policy tools transforms the mechanisms behind public acceptability and acceptance—The case of the Gothenburg congestion tax." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 11, no. 2: 109-119.
The focus theory of normative conduct proposes that normative influence can be enhanced by focusing people's attention to social norms. In a quasi-experimental field study, four normative prompts were compared on their ability to promote energy conservation behavior in public bathrooms. In line with an attention-reactance proposition, prompts that included both prescriptive and proscriptive content (i.e. dualinjunctive) elicited higher compliance compared prompts including either prescriptive or proscriptive content (i.e. single-injunctive). Study 2 assessed participants' experience of the prompts, indicating support for attention and reactance processes. Moreover, a clear incongruence between results of study 1 and respondents' assessment of the most influential prompt was found. Taken together, these findings add to the focus theory of normative conduct, suggesting one technique to increase compliance. On the applied level, these findings propose that the content used in prompts can have large effects on energy conservation behavior.
Magnus Bergquist; Andreas Nilsson. I saw the sign: Promoting energy conservation via normative prompts. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2016, 46, 23 -31.
AMA StyleMagnus Bergquist, Andreas Nilsson. I saw the sign: Promoting energy conservation via normative prompts. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2016; 46 ():23-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnus Bergquist; Andreas Nilsson. 2016. "I saw the sign: Promoting energy conservation via normative prompts." Journal of Environmental Psychology 46, no. : 23-31.
Attitudes and beliefs concerning a congestion tax in Gothenburg, Sweden, were investigated in a three-wave panel with 4738 respondents, twice before and once after the implementation. Attitudes were more positive after the implementation. Perceived environmental outcomes and value expressive beliefs were most strongly related to attitudes toward the tax. Respondents' perceived the system as easier to use and experienced less negative outcomes after the implementation compared to the expectations before. The most important variable in explaining the change in attitudes (before the implementation) was value expressive beliefs. The results indicate that the most strongly related beliefs both for explaining attitudes and the change in attitudes after the implementation are abstract in nature. The attitudes are grounded in emotional and value-related motives, rather than the more specific expected outcomes of the scheme.
Andreas Nilsson; Geertje Schuitema; Cecilia J. Bergstad; Johan Martinsson; Maria Thorson. The road to acceptance: Attitude change before and after the implementation of a congestion tax. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2016, 46, 1 -9.
AMA StyleAndreas Nilsson, Geertje Schuitema, Cecilia J. Bergstad, Johan Martinsson, Maria Thorson. The road to acceptance: Attitude change before and after the implementation of a congestion tax. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2016; 46 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Nilsson; Geertje Schuitema; Cecilia J. Bergstad; Johan Martinsson; Maria Thorson. 2016. "The road to acceptance: Attitude change before and after the implementation of a congestion tax." Journal of Environmental Psychology 46, no. : 1-9.
Andreas Nilsson; Kristin Andersson; Cecilia Jakobsson Bergstad. Energy behaviors at the office: An intervention study on the use of equipment. Applied Energy 2015, 146, 434 -441.
AMA StyleAndreas Nilsson, Kristin Andersson, Cecilia Jakobsson Bergstad. Energy behaviors at the office: An intervention study on the use of equipment. Applied Energy. 2015; 146 ():434-441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Nilsson; Kristin Andersson; Cecilia Jakobsson Bergstad. 2015. "Energy behaviors at the office: An intervention study on the use of equipment." Applied Energy 146, no. : 434-441.
Andreas Nilsson; Cecilia J. Bergstad; Liane Thuvander; David Andersson; Kristin Andersson; Pär Meiling. Effects of continuous feedback on households’ electricity consumption: Potentials and barriers. Applied Energy 2014, 122, 17 -23.
AMA StyleAndreas Nilsson, Cecilia J. Bergstad, Liane Thuvander, David Andersson, Kristin Andersson, Pär Meiling. Effects of continuous feedback on households’ electricity consumption: Potentials and barriers. Applied Energy. 2014; 122 ():17-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Nilsson; Cecilia J. Bergstad; Liane Thuvander; David Andersson; Kristin Andersson; Pär Meiling. 2014. "Effects of continuous feedback on households’ electricity consumption: Potentials and barriers." Applied Energy 122, no. : 17-23.
This study explores the relationship between people's values, loci of control and pro-environmental behaviours. 'Locus of control' refers to the extent to which people attribute control over events in life either to themselves or to external sources beyond their influence: in the former case, the individual is described as having an internal locus of control, and in the latter, an external one. The study hypothesised, and subsequently concluded, that self-transcendent values and internal loci of control were positively related to pro-environmental behaviours, and also that loci of control moderate the link between people's values and behaviour; people with a low degree of self-transcendence values behave pro-environmentally if they have an internal locus of control.
Anna-Karin Engqvist Jonsson; Andreas Nilsson. Exploring the Relationship Between Values and Pro-Environmental Behaviour: The Influence of Locus of Control. Environmental Values 2014, 23, 297 -314.
AMA StyleAnna-Karin Engqvist Jonsson, Andreas Nilsson. Exploring the Relationship Between Values and Pro-Environmental Behaviour: The Influence of Locus of Control. Environmental Values. 2014; 23 (3):297-314.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna-Karin Engqvist Jonsson; Andreas Nilsson. 2014. "Exploring the Relationship Between Values and Pro-Environmental Behaviour: The Influence of Locus of Control." Environmental Values 23, no. 3: 297-314.
Andreas Nilsson; André Hansla; Anders Biel. Feeling the green? Value orientation as a moderator of emotional response to green electricity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2014, 44, 672 -680.
AMA StyleAndreas Nilsson, André Hansla, Anders Biel. Feeling the green? Value orientation as a moderator of emotional response to green electricity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2014; 44 (10):672-680.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Nilsson; André Hansla; Anders Biel. 2014. "Feeling the green? Value orientation as a moderator of emotional response to green electricity." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 44, no. 10: 672-680.
We review the personal and social influences on pro‐environmental concern and behaviour, with an emphasis on recent research. The number of these influences suggests that understanding pro‐environmental concern and behaviour is far more complex than previously thought. The influences are grouped into 18 personal and social factors. The personal factors include childhood experience, knowledge and education, personality and self‐construal, sense of control, values, political and world views, goals, felt responsibility, cognitive biases, place attachment, age, gender and chosen activities. The social factors include religion, urban–rural differences, norms, social class, proximity to problematic environmental sites and cultural and ethnic variations We also recognize that pro‐environmental behaviour often is undertaken based on none of the above influences, but because individuals have non‐environmental goals such as to save money or to improve their health. Finally, environmental outcomes that are a result of these influences undoubtedly are determined by combinations of the 18 categories. Therefore, a primary goal of researchers now should be to learn more about how these many influences moderate and mediate one another to determine pro‐environmental behaviour.
Robert Gifford; Andreas Nilsson. Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behaviour: A review. International Journal of Psychology 2014, 49, 141 -157.
AMA StyleRobert Gifford, Andreas Nilsson. Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behaviour: A review. International Journal of Psychology. 2014; 49 (3):141-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert Gifford; Andreas Nilsson. 2014. "Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behaviour: A review." International Journal of Psychology 49, no. 3: 141-157.
While many earlier studies have found that people’s maximum willingness to pay for having a good is often substantially lower than their minimum willingness to accept not having it, more recent experimental evidence suggests that this discrepancy vanishes for standard consumption goods when an incentive-compatible design without misconceptions is used. This paper hypothesises that there is nevertheless a discrepancy for goods with a perceived moral character, such as contributions to a good cause, and moreover that the reason for this discrepancy can largely be explained by differences in emotions and moral perceptions. The results from a real-money dichotomous-choice experiment, combined with measurements of emotions and morality, are consistent with these hypotheses.
Anders Biel; Olof Johansson-Stenman; Andreas Nilsson. The willingness to pay–willingness to accept gap revisited: The role of emotions and moral satisfaction. Journal of Economic Psychology 2011, 32, 908 -917.
AMA StyleAnders Biel, Olof Johansson-Stenman, Andreas Nilsson. The willingness to pay–willingness to accept gap revisited: The role of emotions and moral satisfaction. Journal of Economic Psychology. 2011; 32 (6):908-917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnders Biel; Olof Johansson-Stenman; Andreas Nilsson. 2011. "The willingness to pay–willingness to accept gap revisited: The role of emotions and moral satisfaction." Journal of Economic Psychology 32, no. 6: 908-917.
While many earlier studies have found that people’s maximum willingness to pay for having a good is often substantially lower than their minimum willingness to accept not having it, more recent experimental evidence suggests that this discrepancy vanishes for standard consumption goods when an incentive-compatible design without misconceptions is used. This paper hypothesises that there is nevertheless a discrepancy for goods with a perceived moral character, such as contributions to a good cause, and moreover that the reason for this discrepancy can largely be explained by differences in emotions and moral perceptions. The results from a real-money dichotomous-choice experiment, combined with measurements of emotions and morality, are consistent with these hypotheses.
Anders Biel; Olof Johansson-Stenman; Andreas Nilsson. The Willingness to Pay-Willingness to Accept Gap Revisited: The Role of Emotions and Moral Satisfaction. 2011, 1 .
AMA StyleAnders Biel, Olof Johansson-Stenman, Andreas Nilsson. The Willingness to Pay-Willingness to Accept Gap Revisited: The Role of Emotions and Moral Satisfaction. . 2011; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnders Biel; Olof Johansson-Stenman; Andreas Nilsson. 2011. "The Willingness to Pay-Willingness to Accept Gap Revisited: The Role of Emotions and Moral Satisfaction." , no. : 1.
Andreas Nilsson; Anders Biel. Acceptance of climate change policy measures: role framing and value guidance. European Environment 2008, 18, 203 -215.
AMA StyleAndreas Nilsson, Anders Biel. Acceptance of climate change policy measures: role framing and value guidance. European Environment. 2008; 18 (4):203-215.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Nilsson; Anders Biel. 2008. "Acceptance of climate change policy measures: role framing and value guidance." European Environment 18, no. 4: 203-215.
Objective. The thought that environmental concern is rooted in religious beliefs and values has been raised by many writers. Different claims have been made about whether the nature of this relationship is positive or negative, and empirical evidence is mixed. In line with research on attitudes and values, this study examines the hypothesis that unless religious values are mentally accessible, they will not affect judgments of environmental issues. Method. Two environmental issues, genetically modified crops and more traditional environmental issues, for example, air pollution from traffic, are chosen to represent accessibility and nonaccessibility, respectively. A two‐wave data set from a national survey is analyzed. Results. The findings support the suggestion that religious values will affect the judgment of environmental threats of the first, but not the second, issue. Conclusion. These findings suggest that situational cues partly determine which values embodied in religion will influence environmental attitudes.
Anders Biel; Andreas Nilsson. Religious Values and Environmental Concern: Harmony and Detachment*. Social Science Quarterly 2005, 86, 178 -191.
AMA StyleAnders Biel, Andreas Nilsson. Religious Values and Environmental Concern: Harmony and Detachment*. Social Science Quarterly. 2005; 86 (1):178-191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnders Biel; Andreas Nilsson. 2005. "Religious Values and Environmental Concern: Harmony and Detachment*." Social Science Quarterly 86, no. 1: 178-191.