The term political instability denotes a state of political unrest and turmoil within a country, characterized by the loss of control over territory, the inability to provide essential public services, and the erosion of legitimate authority. This phenomenon has profound repercussions, particularly on a nation's economic growth. Regrettably, Pakistan has grappled with political instability since gaining independence in 1947, paving the way for dictatorial rule. Constitutional conflicts have hindered the establishment of a stable democratic government, resulting in the stagnation of Pakistan's economic and social progress. This research paper focuses on assessing the impact of political instability on economic crises during the tenure of General Pervez Musharraf in Pakistan. The study was conducted in various areas of Faisalabad, with a sample size of 80 respondents chosen through a convenient sampling technique. Data collection was executed via structured interviews, and both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that political instability exerted a profoundly negative influence on Pakistan's economic well-being during this period. Notably, the surge in terrorism, exacerbated by political instability, deterred foreign investments, causing other nations to withdraw their interest in Pakistan. This research underscores the imperative of addressing political instability as a pivotal step towards fostering economic growth and stability in Pakistan and, by extension, in similar nations facing similar challenges.

Date is one of the major cash fruits in Pakistan. Presently Pakistan stands at sixth position in dates producing countries. Date occupies third position after citrus and mango in terms of fruit area and production. The present study was conducted to explore the current margins of various stakeholders involved in the existing marketing system of dates in two leading districts of South Punjab district, as Dera Ghazi Khan and Muzaffar Garh. A sample of 40 farmers, 30 commission agents, 30 wholesalers, 30 retailers and 30 consumers was selected randomly. Pretested questionnaires were used to collect the data from selected respondents through personal interviews. Private sector is dominant in all major marketing activities. The market intermediaries in date marketing system involve commission agent, wholesaler and retailer. Different intermediaries were taking different margins according to form of dates and locality. In Dera Ghazi khan, commission agent was getting 13.55%, wholesaler 11.71% and retailer, 18.09% margins of marketing chain for fresh date and share of growers in consumer price was 56.09%. Commission agent was taking 14.13%, wholesaler, 10.67% and retailer 17.2%; margin of marketing chain for fresh date and share of growers in consumer price was 58% in Muzaffar Garh. The price of date is much high due to long chain of marketing system. In order to reduce the wholesale and retail prices, government should take measures to establish date marketing centers and supply chain management training programs for the date growers.

This research work estimated technical efficiency (TE), allocative efficiency (AE) and economic efficiency (EE) of cereal crops and identified the determinants of technical inefficiency of rice-wheat farming system. Primary data was collected from 120 farmers in Sheikhupura district, Pakistan randomly. For this purpose, a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was applied. Tobit regression model was estimated to investigate determinants of technical inefficiency of the system. The results revealed that TE, AE, and EE of rice farmers were 0.81, 0.61, and 0.50, respectively. The results revealed that TE, AE, and EE of wheat farmers were 0.87, 0.80, and 0.70, respectively. The investigation shows that if wheat farmers operated at a full efficiency level, they could reduce their input use by 13% and reduce cost by 20% without reduction in output and with existing technology (modified agricultural and information and communication technology).