Bats are natural hosts of a wide variety of viruses, including adenoviruses. European bats are known to carry mastadenoviruses categorized as species B (widespread in European Vespertilionidae bats) and whose taxonomy has not been clarified. We examined fecal samples from Vespertilionidae bats (five species) captured in central Russia and found that 2/12 (16%) were positive for mastadenoviruses. The partial genome of the mastadenovirus was assembled from Pipistrellus nathusii, representing the bat adenovirus species B. The complete genome (37,915 nt) of a novel mastadenovirus was assembled from Nyctalus noctula and named BatAdV/MOW15-Nn19/Quixote. Comparative studies showed significant divergence of the Quixote genome sequence from European bat mastadenoviruses, while the only known virus showing low similarity was the isolate WA3301 from an Australian bat, and together they formed a subclade that separated from other BatAdVs. Phylogenetic and comparative analysis of the protein-coding genes provided evidence that Quixote is related to a novel species within the genus Mastadenovirus, provisionally named “K” (as the next available letter for the species). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that some earlier viruses from Western European bats, for which only partial DNA polymerase genes are known, are most likely members of the tentatively named species “K”. Thus, at least two species of mastadenovirus are circulating in bats throughout Europe, from western to eastern areas.

Background.Fractures of the distal leg bones in children, due to the peculiarities of localization, the presence of a growth zone, the proximity of the joint and the involvement of the ligamentous apparatus in the pathological process, present a difficult problem in the choice of treatment and rehabilitation.Aims:In order to our aims we create the diagnostic and treatment algorithm in the system of early rehabilitation after fractures in the distal part of the shin bone in adolescence.Methods.Our clinical investigation based on the treatment of 56 patients in the age 817 years. Cohort of patients consist from three age groups: 811 years (n=13), 1214 years (n=28) and 1517 years (n=15). Examination was done with X-rays, CT and Ultrasound, specialy in the cases where the damage of ligamentous apparatus was suspicious. The main method of treatment was surgical osteosynthesis by pins, plates and screws. In the rehabilitation period the legs were immobilized by Plaster of Paris for 46 weeks.Results.In majority of cases the outcomes in the period of 68 weeks after trauma were good and satisfactory. The method of laser Doppler fluometry was performed in 16 cases in follow up period after trauma for examination of the regional blood circulation as a argumentation of regeneration process.Conclusion.The different choice in treatment of compound fractures of the distal part of the shin bones according to morphological changes in adolescence permits to aid good results in majority of caces.

BACKGROUND: Diagnostics and treatment of syndesmotic ankle injuries in children is one of the important problems in pediatrics. The generally accepted examination algorithms and standards developed for adult patients do not apply to children. The ligamentous apparatus in children is much more elastic, and the tibiofibular space is smaller, which significantly complicates the diagnostic search. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to create a diagnostic algorithm for examining middle and older children with ankle joint injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To create a diagnostic algorithm, whether the ultrasonographic stress test of external foot rotation in adult practice is relevant for patients with closed growth zones was investigated. Two open cohorts of middle and older children were formed. The first cohort included children aged 1114 years with a closed growth zone of the distal tibia, and the second cohort included children aged 1517 years with a closed growth zone. The inclusion criteria were the absence of injuries of the studied ankle joint and the correspondence of the body mass index to the age norm. RESULTS: The variability of the tibiofibular space during the stress test of external foot rotation in children with a closing growth zone averages 3.035 mm and in children with a closed growth zone was 2.319 mm. Data indicate a high degree of elasticity of the anterior tibialperoneal ligament in children in contrast to adults in whom this structure is more rigid. In children experiencing pain, active muscle resistance makes the test of internal rotation ineffective, and excessive elasticity of the structure in the area of a healthy joint does not give a correct comparative result for the operator. CONCLUSION: The use of a test with internal rotation for diagnosing damage to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in children with closing and closed growth zones is limited, and the operator must rely on other ultrasound signs of damage to this structure.

Blood supply of bone tissue is one of the key factors in vital functions and reparative regeneration. The bloodstream supply nutrients and oxygen, remove toxic substances. Reparative regeneration is not impossible without the participation of the microvasculature of the bone tissue, mainly of the periosteum and feeding arterioles. Thus, the study of the microcirculation of bone tissue makes it possible to evaluate the physiological state of the bone tissue in normal and pathological conditions, as well as the dynamics of the consolidation of the bone fragments in fractures. Considering the morphological features of the bone tissue and its blood supply, there are certain obstacles in the study of microcirculation in real time and without surgery intervention. However, there are exist methods using near-infrared optical systems wich allow to realize a non-invasive examination of patients. This review discusses in detail the most well-known optical methods and also effective method of ultrasound dopplerography.

Bats are natural hosts for a wide variety of viruses and could therefore be the reservoir, source and spillover for several mammalian viruses, including adenoviruses. We examined faecal samples from 12 bats (five species of the family Vespertilionidae) from central Russia (Moscow Region) and found that two of them (16%) were positive for mastadenoviruses. One of the identified viruses was isolated from faeces of Nyctalis noctule and named BatAdV/MOW15-Nn19. The genome of the BatAdV/MOW15-Nn19 was 37,915 bp in length. Comparative studies have shown significant divergence of the nucleotide sequence of the BatAdV/MOW15-Nn19 genome from European mastadenoviruses, the highest genome sequence similarity was to isolate WA3301 from an Australian bat. Phylogenetic analysis, as well as a comparative analysis of the protein coding genes to homologous available from public database, showed evidence of novel species within Mastadenovirus genus (preliminary named «K»). Analysis of the short part of the DNA polymerase gene of BatAdV/MOW15-Nn19 reveals few NCBI records from Europe with high identity to the new virus, i.e. mastadenoviruses related to the new species are circulating in European bats. The partial genome of another mastadenovirus from Pipistrellus nathusii was identified, it represented bat adenovirus species B, which is widely distributed in European Vespertilionidae bats. New data on the genetic diversity of bat adenoviruses may help to better understand how they evolved in mammals and spread across Europe.