Antimicrobial multidrug resistance is the ability of microorganisms to withstand the effects of several antimicrobial agents, presenting a major challenge to modern healthcare systems worldwide. Although considerable research has been conducted, the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying resistance are still not completely understood. This review brings together current knowledge to explain how resistance originates, spreads, and persists in different pathogens. Microorganisms may show primary resistance, which arises naturally without prior exposure to drugs, or acquired resistance, which develops after contact with antimicrobial agents. Intrinsic resistance is related to structural or functional traits that are naturally present in specific species. Strains that are extensively resistant demonstrate survival against a wide range of important drugs, while clinical resistance becomes evident when standard treatments fail to control infections effectively. Pathogens employ several mechanisms, including enzymatic inactivation of drugs, modification of target sites, reduced drug uptake, and active efflux systems. Parasitic and fungal pathogens often rely on impaired drug transport and altered molecular targets, whereas viruses adopt multiple strategies to escape the activity of antiviral drugs. The appearance of highly resistant organisms such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus reflects the growing threat of so‐called superbugs. The rapid spread of resistance, driven by genetic mutations and horizontal gene transfer, highlights its ability to disseminate quickly within microbial populations. A clear understanding of these molecular processes is essential to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies, improve clinical management, and strengthen global efforts to control antimicrobial resistance.

Haemonchosis is a major gastrointestinal parasitic infection in sheep caused by H. contortus. An abattoir-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2024 to assess the haematobiochemical alterations and lesion characterization induced by haemonchosis in slaughtered sheep at Gondar ELFORA abattoir. The study involved 60 male local breed sheep, divided into 30 infected and 30 non-infected controls. The selection process involved postmortem examination of the abomasum tissues, incision, palpation, and visual inspection. Blood samples were taken for haematology and serum biochemical profiles, and a three cm tissue sample with typical H. contortus lesions was also taken. The study found significant reductions in hemoglobin, hematocrit, corpuscular volume, hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts in the infected group compared to the non-infected group. However, white blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils were significantly higher in the infected group. Biochemical parameters showed significant reductions in total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin-to-globulin ratio in the infected group. Erythrocyte indices indicated microcytic normochromic anemia. Gross examination revealed hemorrhages, dark brown abomasal contents, blood streaks, and a nodular lesion. Microscopic analysis revealed tissue-dwelling worms, submucosal hemorrhage, mucosal gland hyperplasia, thickened muscularis, and hyperplastic abomasal glands. The alterations in haematobiochemical parameters support the findings from gross and microscopic lesions. Thus, integrating haematobiochemical analysis with gross and microscopic lesion characterization improves the diagnosis of haemonchosis. Due to hypoproteinemia observed, it is advisable to supplement helminth-infected animals with protein-rich feeds, such as legumes.

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance has significantly increased the difficulty treating infectious agents, creating an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. In this context, bacteriocins have emerged as a promising solution, offering a potential alternative to conventional antibacterial therapies. This review explores the potential application of bacteriocins in combating pathogenic bacteria across various sectors, including healthcare and the food industry, while also highlighting mechanisms of action. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced ribosomally by certain bacteria and archaea, capable of inhibiting the growth of similar pathogens through distinct modes of action. These peptides have been utilized in both human and veterinary medicine, as well as in agriculture, where they help in preventing unwanted growth of microorganisms. In veterinary practice, bacteriocins are incorporated into products such as udder disinfectants for dairy cattle and topical dermatological formulations for dogs, cats, and horses. Given their broad range of applications, bacteriocins warrant greater consideration by clinicians, veterinarians and industry stakeholders for the prevention and control of microbial infections. Nevertheless, the implementation of robust surveillance systems is crucial for curbing the spread of multidrug‐resistant pathogens, rather than relying solely on conventional antibiotic therapies.

Fasciolosis is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica . It is a serious public health and veterinary concern, with significant consequences for both human and livestock populations. An abattoir‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted from January to September 2023 at Gondar ELFORA Abattoir, Northwest Ethiopia, to assess haematobiochemical alterations and pathological lesions induced by fasciolosis in slaughtered cattle. The study included one hundred apparently healthy male local‐breed cattle, divided into two groups of fifty: one infected and one non‐infected. Cattle were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Infected cattle showed significantly lower mean values for haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), lymphocytes, monocytes, total protein, albumin and glucose compared to non‐infected cattle. Conversely, they had higher mean values for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophils, eosinophils, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Basophil levels were similar in both groups. Liver alterations observed in acute fasciolosis included hepatomegaly with rounded edges and the presence of juvenile flukes within the parenchyma, while in chronic fasciolosis, the liver appeared smaller and firm, with a corrugated capsule and dilated bile ducts containing twisted flukes. Microscopically, acute fasciolosis showed eosinophil infiltration, hemosiderin pigmentation and congestion around the central vein and sinusoids, whereas chronic fasciolosis showed fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, and metaplasia of epithelial cells from columnar to cuboidal. The observed findings indicate a severe hepatic and systemic disease process driven by parasitic infection, resulting in significant compromise of the cattle's health. Therefore, regular screening and effective deworming are essential to control bovine fasciolosis, especially in high‐risk abattoirs. Haematology and biochemical tests should be part of routine diagnosis for early detection and liver function assessment, while histopathology confirms the infection stage. Enhancing stakeholder awareness and training is vital and further research on seasonal patterns, risk factors and drug resistance is needed to improve control strategies.

Background: Cattle are among the most important livestock resources in Ethiopia, contributing significantly to the agricultural economy and rural livelihoods. They provide meat, milk, hides, draft power for crop production, and serve as a major source of income for farmers. Despite their vital role, cattle productivity is often constrained by various diseases, particularly parasitic diseases. One of the most significant of these is bovine fasciolosis, a condition caused by ingestion of metacercariae of liver flukes belonging to the genus Fasciola . Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine fasciolosis in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022. A total of 384 cattle were randomly selected from different locations within the study area. Animals of all age groups and both sexes were included. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of each animal using clean, labeled containers. The samples were examined using standard coprological techniques, specifically the sedimentation method, to detect liver fluke eggs. All findings were recorded, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results: The overall prevalence of fasciolosis was 49.21% (n=189). Based on origin, Sebatamit had the most incidence at 61.84% (n=47), followed by Kebele 11 at 59.37% (n=57), Tikurit at 50% (n=59), and Latammba at 27.65% (n=26). Statistical analysis revealed significant disparities in occurrence among areas. Cattle in poor condition had the largest prevalence (n=80, 64%), followed by medium condition (n=85, 50%) and fat cattle (n=24, 26.96%). This variation was statistically significant. Age-group analysis revealed comparable prevalence rates, with young cattle at 50.38% (n=65), adults at 47.33% (n=71), and elderly cattle at 50.47% (n=53), with no significant differences found. There were no significant sex-related variations in prevalence, with males exhibiting a prevalence of 49.73% (n=93) and females 48.73% (n=96). Local cattle had a slightly higher prevalence (n=111, 51.62%) than crossbreeds (n=78, 46.15%), although the difference was not statistically significant ( P =.29). Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for targeted, location-specific control strategies and highlight the importance of improved nutritional and health management practices to reduce the burden of fasciolosis in cattle populations.

Cattle are among the most important livestock resources in Ethiopia, contributing significantly to the agricultural economy and rural livelihoods. They provide meat, milk, hides, draft power for crop production, and serve as a major source of income for farmers. Despite their vital role, cattle productivity is often constrained by various diseases, particularly parasitic diseases. One of the most significant of these is bovine fasciolosis, a condition caused by ingestion of metacercariae of liver flukes belonging to the genus Fasciola. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine fasciolosis in bahir dar, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022. A total of 384 cattle were randomly selected from different locations within the study area. Animals of all age groups and both sexes were included. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of each animal using clean, labeled containers. The samples were examined using standard coprological techniques, specifically the sedimentation method, to detect liver fluke eggs. All findings were recorded, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. The overall prevalence of fasciolosis was 49.21% (n=189). Based on origin, Sebatamit had the most incidence at 61.84% (n=47), followed by Kebele 11 at 59.37% (n=57), Tikurit at 50% (n=59), and Latammba at 27.65% (n=26). Statistical analysis revealed significant disparities in occurrence among areas. Cattle in poor condition had the largest prevalence (n=80, 64%), followed by medium condition (n=85, 50%) and fat cattle (n=24, 26.96%). This variation was statistically significant. Age-group analysis revealed comparable prevalence rates, with young cattle at 50.38% (n=65), adults at 47.33% (n=71), and elderly cattle at 50.47% (n=53), with no significant differences found. There were no significant sex-related variations in prevalence, with males exhibiting a prevalence of 49.73% (n=93) and females 48.73% (n=96). Local cattle had a slightly higher prevalence (n=111, 51.62%) than crossbreds (n=78, 46.15%), although the difference was not statistically significant (P=.29).These findings underscore the need for targeted, location-specific control strategies and highlight the importance of improved nutritional and health management practices to reduce the burden of fasciolosis in cattle populations.