Ethiopia, with an estimated chicken population of 17 million, serves as a source of high‐quality animal protein, helping to reduce malnutrition, improve nutritional status, and provide food and food products. However, Ethiopia has not fully leveraged the value of chicken production due to various bacterial diseases, with fowl cholera (FC) being the most common. Therefore, the objective of this review is to highlight the current trends in the diagnosis of FC in chickens and asses its phenotypic drug resistance patterns in Gondar City. FC is an infectious disease caused by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), which poses significant health and financial losses to the poultry industry. Culturally, the bacterium P. multocida can be isolated using bacteriological and biochemical tests from chicken infected with FC. Molecular‐based techniques such as capsular and lipopolysaccharide genotyping, as well as nucleic acid amplification tests through PCR assays, are also among the best methods used to detect P. multocida. In conclusion, understanding the current trends in diagnosing FC and assessing its phenotyping drug resistance, which helps in choosing effective antibiotics in Gondar City, is essential. It is also important to assess the disease‐associated factors that enhance the occurrence of the disease, in addition to providing the disease preventive and control measures and vaccination programs based on the diagnosis of its causative agent.

Avibacterium paragallinarum is a causative agent of infectious coryza (IC), a disease that affects the upper respiratory tracts and paranasal sinuses of chickens, resulting significant economic losses in the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify Av. paragallinarum using bacteriological and molecular methods between February 2022 and April 2024. A total of 74 swab samples were collected from chickens showing ocular and nasal discharges and swelling of the infraorbital sinuses. Clinical samples were collected from chickens showing symptoms of IC from six locations of Ethiopia for the isolation and identification of the causative agent. Swab samples from the nasal cavity and cheesy material from the infraorbital sinus were screened using conventional PCR and inoculated onto chocolate agar enriched with 5% sheep blood. Colonies suspected of being Av. paragallinarum were transferred to brain heart agar supplemented with horse serum. Gram staining was used to examine the morphology of bacteria in pure colonies grown on chocolate and brain heart infusion agar. The isolation of Av. paragallinarum on chocolate and brain heart infusion agar resulted in the observation of small, translucent, dewdrop-shaped colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator. A smear prepared from a single colony of revealed Gram-negative, short rod-shaped or coccobacilli Av. paragallinarum bacteria. Biochemical tests conducted on this isolate yielded negative results for catalase, oxidase, urease, indole, methyl red, and Voges-Proskauer tests. However, the bacterium exhibited positive fermentative activity with glucose, sucrose, and maltose. Biochemical assay revealed the presence of Av. Paragallinarum. The bacterial colonies confirmed a 511 bp PCR product. The partial HPG-2 gene nucleotide sequences of eleven isolates were sequenced and deposited in GenBank with the accession number PQ565862-72. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the genetic relatedness of Ethiopian isolates with isolates from other African countries and elsewhere. The current investigation confirmed that the outbreaks were caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum and provided scientific evidence on the presence of different strains of Av. paragallinarum in Ethiopia. This is the first study in Ethiopia to detect and identify Av. paragallinarum from diseased chickens using molecular approaches. Further molecular characterization of locally circulating Av. paragallinarum isolates is recommended to be used as a vaccine strain for the prevention and control of infectious coryza.

Fasciolosis is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica . It is a serious public health and veterinary concern, with significant consequences for both human and livestock populations. An abattoir‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted from January to September 2023 at Gondar ELFORA Abattoir, Northwest Ethiopia, to assess haematobiochemical alterations and pathological lesions induced by fasciolosis in slaughtered cattle. The study included one hundred apparently healthy male local‐breed cattle, divided into two groups of fifty: one infected and one non‐infected. Cattle were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Infected cattle showed significantly lower mean values for haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), lymphocytes, monocytes, total protein, albumin and glucose compared to non‐infected cattle. Conversely, they had higher mean values for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophils, eosinophils, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Basophil levels were similar in both groups. Liver alterations observed in acute fasciolosis included hepatomegaly with rounded edges and the presence of juvenile flukes within the parenchyma, while in chronic fasciolosis, the liver appeared smaller and firm, with a corrugated capsule and dilated bile ducts containing twisted flukes. Microscopically, acute fasciolosis showed eosinophil infiltration, hemosiderin pigmentation and congestion around the central vein and sinusoids, whereas chronic fasciolosis showed fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, and metaplasia of epithelial cells from columnar to cuboidal. The observed findings indicate a severe hepatic and systemic disease process driven by parasitic infection, resulting in significant compromise of the cattle's health. Therefore, regular screening and effective deworming are essential to control bovine fasciolosis, especially in high‐risk abattoirs. Haematology and biochemical tests should be part of routine diagnosis for early detection and liver function assessment, while histopathology confirms the infection stage. Enhancing stakeholder awareness and training is vital and further research on seasonal patterns, risk factors and drug resistance is needed to improve control strategies.

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance has significantly increased the difficulty treating infectious agents, creating an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. In this context, bacteriocins have emerged as a promising solution, offering a potential alternative to conventional antibacterial therapies. This review explores the potential application of bacteriocins in combating pathogenic bacteria across various sectors, including healthcare and the food industry, while also highlighting mechanisms of action. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced ribosomally by certain bacteria and archaea, capable of inhibiting the growth of similar pathogens through distinct modes of action. These peptides have been utilized in both human and veterinary medicine, as well as in agriculture, where they help in preventing unwanted growth of microorganisms. In veterinary practice, bacteriocins are incorporated into products such as udder disinfectants for dairy cattle and topical dermatological formulations for dogs, cats, and horses. Given their broad range of applications, bacteriocins warrant greater consideration by clinicians, veterinarians and industry stakeholders for the prevention and control of microbial infections. Nevertheless, the implementation of robust surveillance systems is crucial for curbing the spread of multidrug‐resistant pathogens, rather than relying solely on conventional antibiotic therapies.

Background: Food insecurity is a widespread issue that poses a major global challenge with far-reaching impacts. Objective: Investigate the relationship between food insecurity and health behaviors among the population of Tacloban, Philippines, affected by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design, surveying 226 households between April 2022 and June 2023. Households were selected using a systematic random sampling technique to ensure representative coverage. To evaluate food insecurity, we utilized the Food Insecurity Experience Scale-a robust tool that cap­ tures the degree to which individuals or households face challenges in accessing sufficient and nutritious food due to economic and social constraints. In addition, we explored a variety of health-related behaviors among participants, including the use of traditional healing practices, engagement in physical activity, sleep patterns and duration, dietary habits, medication adherence, as well as alcohol and tobacco use. The relationships be­ tween food insecurity and these health behaviors were rigorously examined using multiple logistic regression analysis, providing valuable insights into the interplay between access to food and lifestyle choices within the community. Results: The results showed that 94 % of households experienced food insecurity, with 27 % severely, 52 % moderately, and 15 % mildly food insecure. The analysis revealed significant associations between food inse­ curity and several health behaviors. Food insecurity was found to be significantly associated with lower medi­ cation adherence, greater use of traditional healers, poorer dietary habits, and sleeping problems. However, no significant associations were found between food insecurity and smoking behavior, physical activities, or alcohol consumption. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the study concluded that food insecurity negatively impacts health behav­ iors. Therefore, the authors suggested that improving food security in households could potentially lead to im­ provements in health behaviors.

Osteomorphological and osteometric assessments provide valuable information on skeletal characteristics and biological variation in indigenous chicken populations, yet data on the long bones of Ethiopian Indigenous Naked Neck chickens remain limited. This study aimed to characterize osteomorphology and evaluate osteometric variation of selected long bones in Indigenous Naked Neck chickens from Quara District, Northwest Ethiopia. Sixteen clinically healthy chickens, comprising eight males and eight females, were allocated to two predefined age groups: 8-month-old younger chickens and 14-month-old older chickens. The humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and tarsometatarsus were examined morphologically and assessed using standardized osteometric procedures. Significant differences in bone weight and osteometric measurements were observed between the predefined age groups and sexes (P < 0.05). Older chickens exhibited greater bone weight and linear dimensions than younger chickens, while males showed larger measurements than females. Bone weight displayed greater relative variability than most linear measurements, as indicated by higher coefficients of variation. The osteomorphological features observed were consistent with established descriptions of avian skeletal anatomy. However, because individual body weight data were not available for inclusion as a covariate and potential age × sex interactions were not evaluated, the findings should be interpreted as observed group differences rather than independent effects of age or sex. These results provide baseline osteometric data for Indigenous Naked Neck chickens and serve as a reference for comparative anatomy and future studies of skeletal development and variation. Further studies involving larger and more diverse populations, individual body weight measurements, and factorial statistical approaches are warranted.