Protection from nuclear biochemical aerosol and air pollution pays attention to aerosol mass concentration. The concentration of upstream aerosol of the commonly used filtration efficiency detection device for high-efficiency filter materials is low, making it insufficient for detecting the filtration efficiency of high-efficiency filter materials. This study designed and built a set of filtration efficiency detection devices for high-efficiency filter materials based on mass concentration. By adjusting the oil bath temperature, injection pressure, the degree of spiral-separator separation, as well as the number and size of nozzles, we investigated the effects of each condition on the concentration and particle size distribution of aerosol generation. As a result, the oil mist generator of the device can stably generate high-concentration aerosol with a mass concentration of up to 1587.9 mg/m³ and a number concentration of up to 10⁷–10⁸ P/cm³. The high-concentration aerosol generated can meet the E11–U15 filter material performance requirements.