One of the most pressing environmental problems worldwide is sewage sludge (SS) management. Every year, wastewater volume increases and thus, the amount of SS produced increases as well. The disposal of SS in landfills, as practiced in many countries, is not a sustainable solution. Instead, SS, rich in organic matter and other nutrients, can be used as an alternative soil additive or fertilizer. The properties of these materials depend on their chemical composition and the method of treatment. Experience from a number of countries, such as the US and Europe, has shown that SS can be transformed from a waste into a valuable resource, provided that the final product fulfils the relevant regulatory standards. This review examines the sustainable conversion of SS to sustainable fertilizers, the impact on waste minimization, and the potential benefits in agriculture.

Agrogels, a hydrogel applied in the soil that collects water during irrigation or rainfall and distributes moisture to plant roots during drought, are a solution to water shortage concerns. Extending the release of low molecular weight chemicals has the potential to minimise mineral fertiliser losses as well as water and soil pollution. Thus, the aim of the research is to obtain chitosan from insect chitin, to synthesize a hydrogel based on chitosan with included mineral and organic fertilisers, and to report on experiments with agrogels in the field. In this study, chitosan was obtained from the adult beetles Zophobas morio. IR spectroscopy was used to examine chitosan. The existence of absorption lines typical of primary amines was demonstrated. In one step, a technique for the manufacture of chitosan-based hydrogels containing embedded mineral fertilisers was established. Hydrogel has a swelling coefficient of 60g/g. Agrogels were evaluated while planting spruce seedlings on Semei Ormany LLP experimental locations. The survival rate of seedlings was found to be 40 higher in the experimental group than in the control group.

The development of industrial biotechnology is based on the use of resources from objects such as microbial cultures. Collections of microorganism cultures contain strains that are used in research and applied development. Expanding the resources of industrial microorganisms, optimizing methods for their storage and improving bioproducing properties is an urgent task for the collection of microorganisms. In this work, we studied the maximum viability rate and morpho-cultural characteristics of collection cultures stored for more than 10 years using the freeze-drying method. This was done to evaluate the effectiveness of this storage method and the protective environments used. The object of the study were 32 strains of various taxonomic groups of bacteria, fungi, yeasts and actinomycetes. In sum, we obtained the following results: 2 cultures did not grow after reactivation, 30 cultures corresponded to their passport characteristics and had a viability rate within the acceptable limits for industrial crops, more than 10⁶ CFU/ml: 10⁸-10¹⁰ CFU/ml. The data obtained confirm the effectiveness of storage by lyophilization and the protective media used on gelatin, sucrose and skim milk. Objects of research can be used in various spheres of human life.

This study evaluated whether sprouting followed by amylolytic enzyme treatment can modify starch digestibility in wheat bread while assessing associated changes in technological quality. Wheat and common buckwheat were germinated for 12–48 h; 24 h was selected for subsequent treatment with α-amylase and glucoamylase. Based on preliminary screening, wheat was treated at 35 °C for 12 h and buckwheat at 40 °C for 12 h. Sprouted or enzyme-treated sprouted ingredients were incorporated into wheat bread at 10, 15, and 20% of flour mass. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), resistant starch (RS), loaf volume, porosity, and titratable acidity were evaluated. In bread containing enzyme-treated sprouted wheat, increasing inclusion from 10 to 20% decreased RDS from 76.58 to 73.42% and increased SDS from 14.05 to 17.00%; a second independent series showed the same pattern. Enzyme-treated sprouted buckwheat produced higher RS values, reaching 11.61% at 10% inclusion. Wheat-based enzyme-treated formulations also retained comparatively favorable loaf volumes, whereas higher buckwheat inclusion reduced volume. These results indicate crop-specific effects of enzymatic pretreatment and support further evaluation of enzyme-treated sprouted cereals as ingredients for modulating in vitro starch digestibility in bread.

This article presents the results of the scientific substantiation of technological approaches to the development of carbohydrate-balanced bakery products based on cereal raw materials cultivated in Kazakhstan. A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of wheat, corn, barley, and buckwheat was conducted, and the prospects for applying extrusion and biotechnological modification of cereal raw materials, as well as functional ingredients for regulating the carbohydrate profile of bakery products, were investigated. The results demonstrated that the wheat variety “Aina” is characterized by a high test weight (812 g/L), starch content of 49.2%, and protein content of 13.2%. The corn variety “Monsanto” exhibited an elevated starch content of 72.8%, while the barley variety “Karabalykskaya 150” contained 61.0% starch and 14.6% protein. Buckwheat was found to contain 68.0% starch and 12.5% protein. The observed differences in the chemical and carbohydrate composition of the studied crops justify the possibility of combining them in the future development of bakery products with a controlled carbohydrate profile. The analysis of scientific literature revealed that extrusion processes contribute to modifications in starch structure, an increase in the content of soluble dietary fiber, and the formation of slowly digestible carbohydrate fractions. Biotechnological modification, including fermentation and the controlled action of enzyme systems, was shown to ensure regulated carbohydrate hydrolysis without excessive accumulation of simple sugars. Furthermore, the use of pectin and dietary fibers was found to reduce the rate of enzymatic starch hydrolysis and promote a more favorable glycemic response. Based on an analysis of contemporary international research, it was established that the utilization of cereal raw materials rich in functional carbohydrates, together with the application of extrusion technology, hydrocolloids, and biotechnological modification, represents one of the most promising approaches for the development of functional bakery products with a carbohydrate-balanced composition.

Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem around the world and is a type of antimicrobial resistance. Solving it requires concerted efforts on a global scale. The main antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori. Many countries have programs aimed at preventing the development of antibiotic resistance, as well as stimulating the development of new drugs with antimicrobial activity. Many scientific works are devoted to this topic. The rational use of available antimicrobial drugs, considering the spectrum of their activity and the antibiotic resistance profile of the main pathogens, is becoming increasingly necessary. The purpose of this study was to examine interventions aimed at combating the growing antibiotic resistance in the world. The basic principles of the development of these problems and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are shown. The mechanism is mainly associated with the evolution of microorganisms of a phenotypic and genetic nature. An analysis of antibiotic-resistant strains was carried out, their characteristics were given, and methods for studying antibiotic resistance to antibacterial drugs were reflected. The diffusion method and the dilution method for assessing sensitivity are described. The problem of antibiotic resistance has been confirmed by many studies in various departments, especially surgical ones and in intensive care units. In Kazakhstan, the main antibiotic-resistant pathogens are considered Acinetobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Haemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas spp., streptococci, staphylococci and enterobacteriae. The main measures to prevent this problem are control over the use of antibiotics, the development of new drugs, namely new antibiotics and bacterial lysates based on thtse microorganisms.