In sports science, the use of wearable technology has facilitated the development of new approaches for tracking and assessing athletes’ performance. This narrative review rigorously explores the evolution and contemporary state of wearable devices specifically engineered for continuously monitoring lactate levels in sweat, an essential biomarker for appraising endurance performance. Lactate threshold tests have traditionally been integral in tailoring training intensity for athletes, but these tests have relied on invasive blood tests that are impractical outside a laboratory setting. The transition to noninvasive, real-time monitoring through wearable technology introduces an innovative approach, facilitating continuous assessment without the constraints inherent in traditional methodologies. We selected 34 products from a pool of 246 articles found through a meticulous search of articles published up to January 2024 in renowned databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. We used keywords such as “sweat lactate monitoring,” “continuous lactate monitoring,” and “wearable devices.” The findings underscore the capabilities of noninvasive sweat lactate monitoring technologies to conduct long-term assessments over a broad range of 0–100 mM, providing a safer alternative with minimal infection risks. By enabling real-time evaluations of the lactate threshold (LT) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), these technologies offer athletes various device options tailored to their specific sports and preferences. This review explores the mechanisms of currently available lactate monitoring technologies, focusing on electrochemical sensors that have undergone extensive research and show promise for commercialization. These sensors employ amperometric reactions to quantify lactate levels and detect changes resulting from enzymatic activities. In contrast, colorimetric sensors offer a more straightforward and user-friendly approach by displaying lactate concentrations through color alterations. Despite significant advancements, the relationship between sweat lactate and blood lactate levels remains intricate owing to various factors such as environmental conditions and the lag between exercise initiation and sweating. Furthermore, there is a marked gap in research on sweat lactate compared to blood lactate across various sports disciplines. This review highlights the need for further research to address these shortcomings and substantiate the performance of lactate sweat monitoring technologies in a broader spectrum of sports environments. The tremendous potential of these technologies to supplant invasive blood lactate tests and pioneer new avenues for athlete management and performance optimization in real-world settings heralds a promising future for integrating sports science and wearable technology.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of warm-up intensity on energetic contribution and performance during a 100-m sprint. Ten young male sprinters performed 100-m sprints following both a high-intensity warm-up (HIW) and a low-intensity warm-up (LIW). Both the HIW and LIW were included in common baseline warm-ups and interventional warm-ups (eight 60-m runs, HIW; 60 to 95%, LIW; 40% alone). Blood lactate concentration [La⁻], time trial, and oxygen uptake (VO₂) were measured. The different energy system contribution was calculated by using physiological variables. [La⁻¹]_Max following HIW was significantly higher than in LIW (11.86 ± 2.52 vs. 9.24 ± 1.61 mmol·L⁻¹; p < 0.01, respectively). The 100-m sprint time trial was not significantly different between HIW and LIW (11.83 ± 0.57 vs. 12.10 ± 0.63 s; p > 0.05, respectively). The relative (%) phosphagen system contribution was higher in the HIW compared to the LIW (70 vs. 61%; p < 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that an HIW increases phosphagen and glycolytic system contributions as compared to an LIW for the 100-m sprint. Furthermore, an HIW prior to short-term intense exercise has no effect on a 100-m sprint time trial; however, it tends to improve times (decreased 100-m time trial; −0.27 s in HIW vs. LIW).

This study explored the impact of short rest intervals on resisted sprint training in elite youth soccer players, specifically targeting enhanced initial-phase explosive acceleration without altering sprint mechanics. Fifteen U19 soccer players participated in a randomized crossover design trial, executing two sprint conditions: RST2M (6 sprints of 20 m resisted sprints with 2 min rest intervals) and RST40S (6 sprints of 20 m resisted sprints with 40 s rest intervals), both under a load equivalent to 30% of sprint velocity decrement using a resistance device. To gauge neuromuscular fatigue, countermovement jumps were performed before and after each session, and the fatigue index along with sprint decrement percentage were calculated. Interestingly, the results indicated no significant differences in sprint performance or mechanical variables between RST2M and RST40S, suggesting that the duration of rest intervals did not affect the outcomes. Horizontal resistance appeared to mitigate compensatory patterns typically induced by fatigue in short rest periods, maintaining effective joint movement and hip extensor recruitment necessary for producing horizontal ground forces. These findings propose a novel training strategy that could simultaneously enhance sprint mechanics during initial accelerations and repeated sprint abilities for elite youth soccer players—a methodology not previously employed

Tibial torsion significantly influences knee biomechanics, yet its interaction with ACL reconstruction history in elite alpine skiers remains under-investigated. In this cross-sectional observational study, we analyzed 20 elite alpine skiers (7 ACL-reconstructed, 13 non-injured) using a markerless motion capture system during dynamic tasks (Squat, Single-Leg Squat, Lunge). Static tibial torsion was assessed via the Transmalleolar Axis and Thigh–Foot Angle. The results revealed a critical divergence in biomechanical strategies based on tibial alignment (p < 0.05). Skiers with rotational deformity adopted a pattern we describe as a “Stiffness Strategy”, characterized by suppressed knee valgus and hip rotation, but relied on excessive ankle dorsiflexion (39.5°)—a compensatory mechanism that may become limited when constrained by rigid ski boots. In contrast, ACL-reconstructed skiers with normal alignment exhibited what we term an “Instability Strategy”, showing dynamic valgus collapse and persistent asymmetry. These findings suggest that “one-size-fits-all” rehabilitation may be insufficient. We propose that injury prevention protocols may benefit from incorporating anatomical screening, focusing on decoupling mobility for skiers with tibial torsion and enhancing dynamic stability for those with normal alignment.