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Dr. Wei Fan
Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China

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0 Carbon Sequestration
0 Hypoxia
0 Marine ranch
0 Artificial upwelling
0 Artificial downwelling

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Artificial upwelling
Hypoxia
Artificial downwelling
Carbon Sequestration

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Journal article
Published: 16 May 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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In this paper, an innovative profiler driven by tidal energy for long-term oceanographic measurements in offshore areas with abundant tidal resources is investigated. The profiler is mainly composed of an oceanographic data collection system equipped with various sensors and a cross-plate that can make an upward or downward movement under the impact of tidal currents. Theoretical research is carried out through static analysis and numerical simulation, mainly studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of the cross-plate and its dynamic response to the current velocity. The theoretical model is verified by comparison with experiments. The research results show that tidal energy can be used as a kind of energy to drive the profiler’s ascent and descent motion and to continuously measure ocean parameters without using electric energy. The theoretical model established in this study can roughly predict the position of the profiler observation platform in the vertical direction under various current velocities. Furthermore, by studying the relationship between the current velocities and the lift and drag forces of the cross-plate in the fluid, it is recognized that the current velocity is an important factor affecting the stability of the system’s motion. It is hoped that this research will contribute to the development of profilers.

ACS Style

Xiaoya Zang; Zhujun Zhang; Wei Fan. A Novel Profiler Driven by Tidal Energy for Long Term Oceanographic Measurements in Offshore Areas. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 534 .

AMA Style

Xiaoya Zang, Zhujun Zhang, Wei Fan. A Novel Profiler Driven by Tidal Energy for Long Term Oceanographic Measurements in Offshore Areas. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):534.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoya Zang; Zhujun Zhang; Wei Fan. 2021. "A Novel Profiler Driven by Tidal Energy for Long Term Oceanographic Measurements in Offshore Areas." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5: 534.

Journal article
Published: 02 November 2020 in Sustainability
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A hydrothermal vent system is one of the most unique marine environments on Earth. The cycling hydrothermal fluid hosts favorable conditions for unique life forms and novel mineralization mechanisms, which have attracted the interests of researchers in fields of biological, chemical and geological studies. Shallow-water hydrothermal vents located in coastal areas are suitable for hydrothermal studies due to their close relationship with human activities. This paper presents a summary of the developments in exploration and detection methods for shallow-water hydrothermal systems. Mapping and measuring approaches of vents, together with newly developed equipment, including sensors, measuring systems and water samplers, are included. These techniques provide scientists with improved accuracy, efficiency or even extended data types while studying shallow-water hydrothermal systems. Further development of these techniques may provide new potential for hydrothermal studies and relevant studies in fields of geology, origins of life and astrobiology.

ACS Style

Zhujun Zhang; Wei Fan; Weicheng Bao; Chen-Tung Chen; Shuo Liu; Yong Cai. Recent Developments of Exploration and Detection of Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9109 .

AMA Style

Zhujun Zhang, Wei Fan, Weicheng Bao, Chen-Tung Chen, Shuo Liu, Yong Cai. Recent Developments of Exploration and Detection of Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Systems. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhujun Zhang; Wei Fan; Weicheng Bao; Chen-Tung Chen; Shuo Liu; Yong Cai. 2020. "Recent Developments of Exploration and Detection of Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9109.

Review
Published: 13 October 2020 in Water
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Hypoxia is becoming a serious problem in coastal waters in many parts of the world. Artificial downwelling, which is one of the geoengineering-based adaptation options, was suggested as an effective means of mitigating hypoxia in coastal waters. Artificial downwelling powered by green energy, such as solar, wind, wave, or tidal energy, can develop a compensatory downward flow on a kilometer scale, which favors below-pycnocline ventilation and thus mitigates hypoxia in bottom water. In this paper, we review and assess the technical, numerical, and experimental aspects of artificial downwelling all over the world, as well as its potential environmental effects. Some basic principles are presented, and assessment and advice are provided for each category. Some suggestions for further field-based research on artificial downwelling, especially for long-term field research, are also given.

ACS Style

Shuo Liu; Lige Zhao; Canbo Xiao; Wei Fan; Yong Cai; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. Review of Artificial Downwelling for Mitigating Hypoxia in Coastal Waters. Water 2020, 12, 2846 .

AMA Style

Shuo Liu, Lige Zhao, Canbo Xiao, Wei Fan, Yong Cai, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen. Review of Artificial Downwelling for Mitigating Hypoxia in Coastal Waters. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2846.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuo Liu; Lige Zhao; Canbo Xiao; Wei Fan; Yong Cai; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. 2020. "Review of Artificial Downwelling for Mitigating Hypoxia in Coastal Waters." Water 12, no. 10: 2846.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2020 in Applied Ocean Research
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Artificial upwelling is considered as a potential way to increase the phytoplankton productivity. However, one of major obstacles for the large-scale field application of artificial upwelling is the dilution of uplifted nutrient-rich water in density-stratified ocean. In this paper, the hydrodynamic characters, such as trajectory and initial velocity of artificial upwelling, is investigated by using theoretical and numerical methods. A mathematical model is derived to ensure the artificial upwelling captured by density interface with a specified density. The numerical simulation results are used to validate the mathematical model. The results present that artificial upwelling trajectory and concentration could be controlled by initial upwelling velocity and influenced by nozzle radius, current speed and density difference. By this way, artificial upwelling can be maintained a relative high concentration in the density interface and used to improve phytoplankton primary productivity.

ACS Style

ZhongZhi Yao; Wei Fan; Zhujun Zhang; Yiwen Pan; Yanan Di; Ying Chen. The hydrodynamic study of artificial upwelling plume in density-stratified ocean. Applied Ocean Research 2020, 103, 102341 .

AMA Style

ZhongZhi Yao, Wei Fan, Zhujun Zhang, Yiwen Pan, Yanan Di, Ying Chen. The hydrodynamic study of artificial upwelling plume in density-stratified ocean. Applied Ocean Research. 2020; 103 ():102341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

ZhongZhi Yao; Wei Fan; Zhujun Zhang; Yiwen Pan; Yanan Di; Ying Chen. 2020. "The hydrodynamic study of artificial upwelling plume in density-stratified ocean." Applied Ocean Research 103, no. : 102341.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2020 in Sustainability
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As an ecological engineering project, artificial upwelling can enhance seaweed growth in the oligotrophic sea area by lifting bottom water, which is rich in nutrients, to the surface and thereby increase coastal carbon sequestration. Generally, engineering projects producing artificial upwelling occur far away from land and are self-powered using offshore solar energy or wind energy. The key to successfully implementing such engineering projects is to produce artificial upwelling with limited energy. With this in mind, an intelligent control system is designed for the energy management of the artificial upwelling engineering project that operates at AoShan Bay in Qingdao, China. This engineering project uses artificial upwelling to assist in the cultivation of macroalgae. The intelligent control system can automatically produce upwelling according to the battery condition and guarantee safety during operation. Meanwhile, users can monitor the system in real time with a Cloud platform. The functioning of the system and the effect of upwelling are confirmed by a sea trial. This research provides guidelines and technical support for the future design of intelligent control systems mounted on artificial upwelling engineering projects.

ACS Style

Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; Peiliang Li; Zhujun Zhang; Tiancheng Lin; Yiwen Pan; Yanan Di; Ying Chen. Intelligent Control System of an Ecological Engineering Project for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5227 .

AMA Style

Wei Fan, Canbo Xiao, Peiliang Li, Zhujun Zhang, Tiancheng Lin, Yiwen Pan, Yanan Di, Ying Chen. Intelligent Control System of an Ecological Engineering Project for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; Peiliang Li; Zhujun Zhang; Tiancheng Lin; Yiwen Pan; Yanan Di; Ying Chen. 2020. "Intelligent Control System of an Ecological Engineering Project for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5227.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Artificial downwelling, which is an ecological engineering method, potentially alleviates bottom hypoxia by bringing oxygen-rich surface water down below the pycnocline. However, the downward flow is likely to disturb sediments (or induce sediment resuspension) when reaching the bottom and then have unwanted side effects on the local ecosystem. To evaluate this, our paper presents a theoretical model and experimental data for the sediment resuspension caused by artificial downwelling. The theoretical model considers the critical conditions for sediment resuspension and the scour volume with the downwelling flow disturbing sediment. Experiments with altered downwelling flow speeds, discharge positions relative to the bottom, and particle sizes of sediment were conducted in a water tank, and the results were consistent with our theoretical model. The results show that the critical Froude number (hereinafter Fr) for sediment resuspension is 0.5. The prevention of sediment resuspension requires the downwelling flow speed and the discharge position to be adjusted so that Fr < 0.5; otherwise a portion of sediment is released into the water and its volume can be predicted by the derived formulation based on the Shields theory. Furthermore, sediment resuspension has side effects, such as a water turbidity increase and phosphorus release, the magnitudes of which are discussed with respect to engineering parameters. Further study will focus on field experiments of artificial downwelling and its environmental impacts.

ACS Style

Wei Fan; Weicheng Bao; Yong Cai; Canbo Xiao; Zhujun Zhang; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen; Shuo Liu. Experimental Study on the Effects of a Vertical Jet Impinging on Soft Bottom Sediments. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3775 .

AMA Style

Wei Fan, Weicheng Bao, Yong Cai, Canbo Xiao, Zhujun Zhang, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen, Shuo Liu. Experimental Study on the Effects of a Vertical Jet Impinging on Soft Bottom Sediments. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Fan; Weicheng Bao; Yong Cai; Canbo Xiao; Zhujun Zhang; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen; Shuo Liu. 2020. "Experimental Study on the Effects of a Vertical Jet Impinging on Soft Bottom Sediments." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3775.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2020 in Water
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Ecological engineering by artificial upwelling is considered a promising way to improve water quality. Artificial upwelling could lift nutrient-rich bottom water to the surface, enhance seaweed growth and consequently increase nutrient removal from seawater. However, one of the major obstacles of the engineering application is to determine the suitable position of ecological engineering, which is critical for artificial upwelling’s performance. In this paper, potential artificial upwelling positions in a semi-closed bay are simulated by using the unstructured-grid Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The results show that the upwelling position with relative small tidal current and close to corner will be helpful to increasing nutrient concentration of surface water, and be appropriate to build the ecological engineering. With proper design of the ecological engineering, it is possible to have a noticeable impact in semi-closed bay. Thus, artificial upwelling has the potential to succeed as a promising way to alleviate the eutrophication.

ACS Style

ZhongZhi Yao; Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; Tiancheng Lin; Yao Zhang; Yongyu Zhang; Jihua Liu; Zhujun Zhang; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen; Zhang. Numerical Studies on the Suitable Position of Artificial Upwelling in a Semi-Enclosed Bay. Water 2020, 12, 177 .

AMA Style

ZhongZhi Yao, Wei Fan, Canbo Xiao, Tiancheng Lin, Yao Zhang, Yongyu Zhang, Jihua Liu, Zhujun Zhang, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen, Zhang. Numerical Studies on the Suitable Position of Artificial Upwelling in a Semi-Enclosed Bay. Water. 2020; 12 (1):177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

ZhongZhi Yao; Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; Tiancheng Lin; Yao Zhang; Yongyu Zhang; Jihua Liu; Zhujun Zhang; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen; Zhang. 2020. "Numerical Studies on the Suitable Position of Artificial Upwelling in a Semi-Enclosed Bay." Water 12, no. 1: 177.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Ocean Engineering
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Air-injection artificial upwelling is considered as a way to promote the growth of phytoplankton and improve carbon sequestration. Some air-injection artificial upwelling systems have been established, such as in Norway and China. However, one of major obstacles for large-scale field application is lack of theoretical model to predict the effect of bubble-entrained plume's (BEP) influence factors, which is helpful to control bubble-entrained plumes, design the air-injection system and improve the efficiency of air-injection system. In this paper, a theoretical model is proposed to predict the maximum height of BEP and effect of BEP's influence factors. To validate the theoretical model, laboratory experiments were conducted in a circulating water flume. The results show that the theoretical approach can be used to calculate critical parameters of air-injection artificial upwelling system, such as BEPs maximum height, design volume flow rate of air injection, efficiency of air-injection system and so on. By using the theoretical result to design air-injection system and predict the optimal air-injection volume flow rate, the system can adopt to almost all velocity conditions in field application and the efficiency of air-injection system has an improvement about 8.33%–12.38%, which makes the system feasible and efficient in the usage.

ACS Style

ZhongZhi Yao; Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; Yongfa Qiang; Yiwen Pan; Nai-Kuang Liang; Ying Chen. Theoretical and experimental study on influence factors of bubble-entrained plume in air-injection artificial upwelling. Ocean Engineering 2019, 192, 106572 .

AMA Style

ZhongZhi Yao, Wei Fan, Canbo Xiao, Yongfa Qiang, Yiwen Pan, Nai-Kuang Liang, Ying Chen. Theoretical and experimental study on influence factors of bubble-entrained plume in air-injection artificial upwelling. Ocean Engineering. 2019; 192 ():106572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

ZhongZhi Yao; Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; Yongfa Qiang; Yiwen Pan; Nai-Kuang Liang; Ying Chen. 2019. "Theoretical and experimental study on influence factors of bubble-entrained plume in air-injection artificial upwelling." Ocean Engineering 192, no. : 106572.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2019 in Sustainability
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Hypoxia has been increasingly observed in estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems around the world. In this paper, a tide-powered artificial downwelling device is proposed to potentially alleviate hypoxia in bottom waters. The downwelling device mainly consists of a vertical square tube, a 90° bend sitting on the top of the tube, two symmetrical-guide plates which installed alongside the vertical tube, a static mixer, and an artificial reef. Scale model experiments are performed with respect to different density difference heads, horizontal current velocities, and tube geometries. The results show that the downwelling flow rate is dependent on horizontal current velocity, tube geometry parameters, and the density profile of ambient water. In addition, increasing the equivalent diameter and bend radius of the device can decrease the total loss coefficient in the tube, which in turns enhance the downwelling efficiency. The two symmetrical-guide plates also generate obvious downwelling of surface water which further improves the whole performance of the device. Further work will need to determine the influence of the other parts of the device, such as the static mixer and artificial reef, on the downwelling efficiency.

ACS Style

Wei Fan; Dongdong Pan; Canbo Xiao; Tiancheng Lin; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. Experimental Study on the Performance of an Innovative Tide-Induced Device for Artificial Downwelling. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5268 .

AMA Style

Wei Fan, Dongdong Pan, Canbo Xiao, Tiancheng Lin, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen. Experimental Study on the Performance of an Innovative Tide-Induced Device for Artificial Downwelling. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Fan; Dongdong Pan; Canbo Xiao; Tiancheng Lin; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. 2019. "Experimental Study on the Performance of an Innovative Tide-Induced Device for Artificial Downwelling." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5268.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2019 in Water
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Ecological engineering by artificial upwelling for enhancing seaweed growth and consequently increasing nutrient removal from seawater has proved promising in combating intense coastal eutrophication. However, a key issue needs to be answered: how much economic and ecological benefit could this engineering bring if it were to be implemented in national aquaculture areas. This study estimated the promoting effect of nutrient concentration change induced by artificial upwelling on kelp growth using a model simulation based on the temperature, light intensity, and nutrient concentration data from three bays in Shandong Province, China— Aoshan Bay, Jiaozhou Bay, and Sanggou Bay. Our results indicate that ecological engineering by artificial upwelling can increase the average yield of kelp by 55 g per plant. Furthermore, based on the current existing kelp aquaculture area of China and the aquaculture density of 12 plants/m2, we inferred that this ecological engineering could increase the natural kelp yield by 291,956 t and the removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients by 4875–6422 t and 730–1080 t, respectively.

ACS Style

Wei Fan; Ruolan Zhao; ZhongZhi Yao; Canbo Xiao; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen; Nianzhi Jiao; Yao Zhang. Nutrient Removal from Chinese Coastal Waters by Large-Scale Seaweed Aquaculture Using Artificial Upwelling. Water 2019, 11, 1754 .

AMA Style

Wei Fan, Ruolan Zhao, ZhongZhi Yao, Canbo Xiao, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen, Nianzhi Jiao, Yao Zhang. Nutrient Removal from Chinese Coastal Waters by Large-Scale Seaweed Aquaculture Using Artificial Upwelling. Water. 2019; 11 (9):1754.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Fan; Ruolan Zhao; ZhongZhi Yao; Canbo Xiao; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen; Nianzhi Jiao; Yao Zhang. 2019. "Nutrient Removal from Chinese Coastal Waters by Large-Scale Seaweed Aquaculture Using Artificial Upwelling." Water 11, no. 9: 1754.

Article
Published: 09 July 2019 in Acta Oceanologica Sinica
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Knowledge of the surface ocean dynamics and the underlying controlling mechanisms is critical to understand the natural variability of the ocean and to predict its future response to climate change. In this paper, we highlight the potential use of Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS), as carrier for automatic underway measuring system and as platform for sample collection, to enhance the observing capacity for the surface ocean. We review the concept, history, present status and future development of the VOS-based in situ surface ocean observation. The successes of various VOS projects demonstrate that, along with the rapid advancing sensor techniques, VOS is able to improve the temporal resolution and spatial coverage of the surface ocean observation in a highly cost-effective manner. A sustained and efficient marine monitoring system in the future should integrate the advantages of various observing platforms including VOS.

ACS Style

Zong-Pei Jiang; Jiajun Yuan; Susan E. Hartman; Wei Fan. Enhancing the observing capacity for the surface ocean by the use of Volunteer Observing Ship. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2019, 38, 114 -120.

AMA Style

Zong-Pei Jiang, Jiajun Yuan, Susan E. Hartman, Wei Fan. Enhancing the observing capacity for the surface ocean by the use of Volunteer Observing Ship. Acta Oceanologica Sinica. 2019; 38 (7):114-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zong-Pei Jiang; Jiajun Yuan; Susan E. Hartman; Wei Fan. 2019. "Enhancing the observing capacity for the surface ocean by the use of Volunteer Observing Ship." Acta Oceanologica Sinica 38, no. 7: 114-120.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2019 in Sustainability
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China is now accelerating the development of an ecological engineering for carbon sequestration in coastal mariculture environments to cope with climate change. Artificial upwelling as the ecological engineering can mix surface water with bottom water and bring rich nutrients to the euphotic zone, enhance seaweed growth in the oligotrophic sea area, and then increase coastal carbon sequestration. However, one of the major obstacles of the artificial upwelling is the high energy consumption. This study focused on the development of energy management technology for air-lift artificial upwelling by optimizing air injection rate. The fundamental principle underlying this technology is that the mode and intensity of air injection are adjusted from the feedback of information on velocity variation in tidal currents, illumination, and temperature of the surface layer. A series of equations to control air injection was derived based on seaweed growth and solar power generation. Although this finding was originally developed for the air-lift artificial upwelling, it also can be used in other areas of engineering, such as water delivery, aeration, and oxygenation. The simulations show that using a variable air injection rate can lift more nitrogen nutrients of 28.2 mol than using a fixed air injection rate of 26.6 mol, mostly with the same energy cost. Using this control algorithm, the changed temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles prove the effective upwelling in the experiments and the average weights of kelp are 33.1 g in the experimental group and 10.1 g in the control group. The ecological engineering was successfully increasing crop yield for carbon sequestration in coastal mariculture environments.

ACS Style

Tiancheng Lin; Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; ZhongZhi Yao; Zhujun Zhang; Ruolan Zhao; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. Energy Management and Operational Planning of an Ecological Engineering for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3162 .

AMA Style

Tiancheng Lin, Wei Fan, Canbo Xiao, ZhongZhi Yao, Zhujun Zhang, Ruolan Zhao, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen. Energy Management and Operational Planning of an Ecological Engineering for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiancheng Lin; Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; ZhongZhi Yao; Zhujun Zhang; Ruolan Zhao; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. 2019. "Energy Management and Operational Planning of an Ecological Engineering for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3162.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2019 in Ocean Engineering
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Artificial downwelling potentially counteracts severe eutrophication and hypoxia in coastal regions. The entrainment that commonly occurs in the downwelling-induced plume can develop around a compensatory downward flow at a scale of kilometers, which favors below-pycnocline ventilation and thus mitigates hypoxia in bottom water. However, little discussion has been made on the entrainment of artificial downwelling. The paper focus on the total entrained (TE) flow rate that represents the magnitude of entrainment transport. Injection of a negatively buoyant jet from a round pipe into a stagnant and homogeneous ambient medium is numerically studied using a verified standard k- ε turbulence model, in which different initial pipe flow speeds, density differences and pipe radii are involved. Previous theories and experiments confirm the numerical model. An empirical formula is fitted to the simulation data to calculate the TE flow rate, which permit quantitative analysis of the capacity of ventilation for artificial downwelling. The efficiency index of ventilation (EIV) is also defined and applied to study a typical downwelling device, i.e., a tidal pump, to suggest optimal engineering parameters.

ACS Style

Canbo Xiao; Wei Fan; ZhongZhi Yao; Yongfa Qiang; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. On the total entrained flow rate of artificial downwelling. Ocean Engineering 2019, 181, 13 -28.

AMA Style

Canbo Xiao, Wei Fan, ZhongZhi Yao, Yongfa Qiang, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen. On the total entrained flow rate of artificial downwelling. Ocean Engineering. 2019; 181 ():13-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Canbo Xiao; Wei Fan; ZhongZhi Yao; Yongfa Qiang; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. 2019. "On the total entrained flow rate of artificial downwelling." Ocean Engineering 181, no. : 13-28.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2019 in Applied Ocean Research
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The aim of the current paper is to investigate hydrodynamic characteristics of the artificial upwelling induced by ocean currents. Experiments were performed in a flume at different density difference heads, horizontal current velocities and upwelling pipe diameters. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed on wider range of parameters for further analysis. The performance of the numerical model has been confirmed by the experimental findings. The present results show that the volume flow rate of current-induced artificial upwelling is influenced by geometrical parameters and inclination angle of the pipe, the horizontal current velocity and vertical distribution of water density. In ideal two-layer density stratified water, the critical current velocity to generate upwelling linearly increases with the increase of the density difference, and the maximum rising height for upwelling is inversely proportional to the density difference. Feasibility analysis was taken by using current and density profiles of the East China Sea near Dongji Islands, which provides an useful reference for engineering practice.

ACS Style

Zhenyu Xu; Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; ZhongZhi Yao; Yongfa Qiang; Ying Chen. Experimental and numerical study of current-induced artificial upwelling. Applied Ocean Research 2019, 87, 26 -37.

AMA Style

Zhenyu Xu, Wei Fan, Canbo Xiao, ZhongZhi Yao, Yongfa Qiang, Ying Chen. Experimental and numerical study of current-induced artificial upwelling. Applied Ocean Research. 2019; 87 ():26-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenyu Xu; Wei Fan; Canbo Xiao; ZhongZhi Yao; Yongfa Qiang; Ying Chen. 2019. "Experimental and numerical study of current-induced artificial upwelling." Applied Ocean Research 87, no. : 26-37.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Sustainability
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Artificial upwelling (AU) is considered a potential means of reducing the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2. It has been suggested that AU has significant effects on regional carbon sink or source characteristics, and these effects are strongly influenced by certain technical parameters, the applied region, and the season. In this study, we simulated the power needed to raise the level of deep ocean water (DOW) to designated plume trapping depths in order to evaluate the effect of changing the source DOW depth and the plume trapping depth on carbon sequestration ability and efficiency. A carbon sequestration efficiency index (CSEI) was defined to indicate the carbon sequestration efficiency per unit of power consumption. The results suggested that the CSEI and the carbon sequestration ability exhibit opposite patterns when the DOW depth is increased, indicating that, although raising a lower DOW level can enhance the regional carbon sequestration ability, it is not energy-efficient. Large variations in the CSEI were shown to be associated with different regions, seasons, and AU technical parameters. According to the simulated CSEI values, the northeast past of the Sea of Japan is most suitable for AU, and some regions in the South China Sea are not suitable for increasing carbon sink.

ACS Style

Yiwen Pan; Long You; Yifan Li; Wei Fan; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Bing-Jye Wang; Ying Chen. Achieving Highly Efficient Atmospheric CO2 Uptake by Artificial Upwelling. Sustainability 2018, 10, 664 .

AMA Style

Yiwen Pan, Long You, Yifan Li, Wei Fan, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Bing-Jye Wang, Ying Chen. Achieving Highly Efficient Atmospheric CO2 Uptake by Artificial Upwelling. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):664.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yiwen Pan; Long You; Yifan Li; Wei Fan; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Bing-Jye Wang; Ying Chen. 2018. "Achieving Highly Efficient Atmospheric CO2 Uptake by Artificial Upwelling." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 664.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2018 in Ocean Engineering
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Coastal hypoxia is on the rise around the world, reducing secondary production and ecosystem services in estuarine and coastal regions. We propose a tidal pump consisting of a 90° bend and a vertical downwelling pipe that potentially mitigates hypoxia in bottom waters. Downwelling kinetic head presents an approximate linear dependence on incident kinetic head. Experiments were carried out on a physical model at 1:80 scale covering a wide range of current speeds and density difference heads. Experimental findings confirm the theoretical model. Downwelling flow rate mainly depends on tidal current speed, relative density difference, the immersed length of the pump below the pycnocline and the pump geometry, the latter two of which allow engineers actively regulate downwelling flow. In the Changjiang estuary where hypoxia frequently occurs below the pycnocline during late summers, surface oxygen-rich water could be pumped into a depth 15.36 m below the pycnocline at a flow rate of 0.4 m3/s for 1.2 m pipe diameter. Further study will focus on the deployment of the tidal pump to obtain the optimal dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration field in bottom waters.

ACS Style

Canbo Xiao; Wei Fan; Yongfa Qiang; Zhenyu Xu; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. A tidal pump for artificial downwelling: Theory and experiment. Ocean Engineering 2018, 151, 93 -104.

AMA Style

Canbo Xiao, Wei Fan, Yongfa Qiang, Zhenyu Xu, Yiwen Pan, Ying Chen. A tidal pump for artificial downwelling: Theory and experiment. Ocean Engineering. 2018; 151 ():93-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Canbo Xiao; Wei Fan; Yongfa Qiang; Zhenyu Xu; Yiwen Pan; Ying Chen. 2018. "A tidal pump for artificial downwelling: Theory and experiment." Ocean Engineering 151, no. : 93-104.