Aim: Molar‐incisor hypomineralisation is a developmental enamel defect characterised by lower mineral content in the tooth's outer layer, discoloured and structurally fragile teeth that are more prone to sensitivity, breakdown and caries. This review aims to summarise current knowledge on molar‐incisor hypomineralisation and highlight key clinical considerations relevant to paediatricians. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review of the literature was performed to describe the condition's epidemiology, aetiological hypotheses, clinical features, diagnostic challenges and implications for early recognition in paediatric practice. Results: Findings show that this pathology affects up to one in five children worldwide, with causes likely multifactorial and involving prenatal, perinatal and environmental factors. Clinically, molar‐incisor hypomineralisation may be presented as demarcated opacities, colour alterations or post‐eruptive enamel loss. Paediatricians, who are often the first clinicians to observe affected children, play a crucial role in identifying early signs and ensuring timely referral to a paediatric dentist. Conclusions: Increasing paediatricians' awareness of molar‐incisor hypomineralisation is essential to promote early diagnosis, prevent complications and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration that improves children's oral health and quality of life.

Adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the cornerstone of celiac disease (CD) management, yet maintaining long-term adherence remains challenging, particularly in adolescence. Evidence on the nutritional profile and dietary adherence of pediatric CD populations in Southern Europe is scarce. This study aimed to compare the nutritional status of children and adolescents with CD to healthy peers and to explore the relationship between GFD duration, age at diagnosis, and dietary adherence. This observational case-control study included 80 biopsy-confirmed pediatric CD patients recruited during routine hospital follow-up and 80 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Anthropometric measurements were performed according to WHO standardized procedures, and BMI z-scores were calculated using WHO AnthroPlus reference data. Gluten-free diet adherence was assessed through anti-tTG IgA serology. Statistical analysis included assessment of normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by independent t-tests and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. Normal BMI z-scores were observed in 65% of CD patients and 61.3% of controls (p = 0.214). Overweight/obesity was present in both groups (CD: 21.3%; controls: 31.3%). No significant association was found between GFD duration and BMI z-score (p = 0.406). Earlier CD diagnosis was associated with better dietary adherence (p = 0.0015). Children and adolescents with celiac disease presented similar BMI profiles to healthy peers, with the presence of overweight in both groups. Earlier diagnosis was associated with better dietary adherence.