Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) have the advantages of easy miniaturization, even chip integration, easy carrying, strong stability, and more favorable detection in complex environments. They have been widely used in conjunction with portable, wearable, and intelligent detection devices, as well as in on-site analysis and timely monitoring in the fields of environment, industry, and medicine. This article provides a comprehensive review of the composition of sensors based on redox capacitive and double-layer capacitive SC-ISEs, as well as the ion–electron transduction mechanisms in the solid-contact (SC) layer, particularly focusing on strategies proposed in the past three years (since 2021) for optimizing the performance of SC-ISEs. These strategies include the construction of ion-selective membranes, SC layer, and conductive substrates. Finally, the future research direction and possibilities in this field are discussed and prospected.

Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) are a novel type of supercapacitor composed of battery-type electrodes and capacitor-type electrodes, which have directly transformed the global energy landscape. On one hand, they can replace clean energy sources that are heavily dependent on climatic conditions in specific regions, thereby enhancing the effective utilization of intermittent energy sources. On the other hand, with their high energy density akin to secondary batteries and the long lifespan and high power density characteristic of supercapacitors, they perfectly bridge the gap between secondary batteries and supercapacitors. This article reviews the fundamental energy storage principles of HSCs and highlights the latest optimization strategies for HSCs based on transition metal oxides (TMOs) and carbon over the past two years. These strategies include heteroatom doping, heterostructured materials, nanocomposites, and metal–organic frameworks (MOF). Finally, prospects on future research directions of HSCs are discussed.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) refers to kidney damage caused by diabetes and is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. This disease has a certain degree of concealment in the early stage, with clinical symptoms appearing later and a higher mortality rate. Therefore, the detection of early biomarkers for DN is of great importance in reducing kidney function damage. The common biomarkers for DN mainly include glomerular and tubular lesion markers. At present, clinical diagnosis often uses a combination of multiple indicators and symptoms, and the development of a simple, efficient, and sensitive multi-marker detection platform is particularly important for the early diagnosis of DN. In recent years, with the vigorous development of various biomimetic molecular recognition technologies, biomimetic recognition biosensors (BRBS) have many advantages, such as easy preparation, low cost, high stability, and repeatability under harsh environmental conditions, and have great application potential in the analysis of DN biomarkers. This article reviews the research progress of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) construction technology and aptamers assembly technology developed in the field of biomimetic sensor research in recent years, as well as the detection of DN biomarkers based on BRBS, and prospects for their development.