Over the past decade, Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) has emerged as a prominent target for cancer immunotherapies. However, its potential as an immunosuppressive therapy has been limited. In this review, we present the immunological basis of graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), followed by a summary of biologically relevant molecular interactions of both PD-L1 and Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1). Finally, we present a translational perspective on how PD-L1 can interrupt alloreactive-driven processes to increase immune tolerance. Unlike most current therapies that block PD-L1 and/or its interaction with PD-1, this review focuses on how upregulation or reversed sequestration of this ligand may reduce autoimmunity, ameliorate GVHD, and enhance graft survival following organ transplant.

Background: Research advancing effective treatments for breast cancer is crucial for eradicating the disease, reducing recurrence, and improving survival rates. Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), a common method for treating breast cancer, often leads to complications requiring re-operation. Despite advancements, the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for treating these complications remains underexplored. Therefore, we analyze the efficacy of HBOT in the post-operative care of patients undergoing NSM. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Studies were assessed for eligibility using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework and classified based on American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) levels of evidence. Seven studies, totaling a pool of 63 female patients, met the inclusion criteria. Among these studies, four were categorized as Level III (57.1%), one as Level IV (14.3%), and two as Level V (28.6%). These studies focused on HBOT’s role in wound healing, the successful salvage of breast reconstruction, and the optimal timing for HBOT. Results: This review revealed that HBOT indeed has potential for improving tissue oxygenation, vascularization, and, consequently, wound healing. It is noted that HBOT is efficacious for mitigating post-NMS complications, including infections, re-operation, flap loss, seroma, and hematoma. Conclusions: Overall, HBOT could be beneficial in standard post-surgical care protocols for patients undergoing NSM due to its role in mitigating common adverse effects that occur after mastectomy. Despite promising outcomes, the recent literature lacks rigorous clinical trials and well-defined control groups, underscoring the need for further research to establish standardized HBOT protocols.

Precision medicine has revolutionized the approach to breast cancer treatment by leveraging molecular subtyping, biomarker identification, genomic profiling, and targeted therapies. This comprehensive review explores the significance of breast cancer subtypes—Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2+, and triple-negative—and their respective molecular characteristics and prognoses. It discusses the pivotal role of biomarkers such as HER2, estrogen receptors (ER), and progesterone receptors (PR) in predicting prognosis and therapy response. The review delves into advanced genomic profiling techniques, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and their implications for personalized treatment plans. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of liquid biopsies and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in non-invasive cancer diagnostics and monitoring. The integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence in predictive modeling and treatment algorithms is examined, along with the challenges posed by tumor heterogeneity and access to genomic testing. Future prospects, such as the expansion of CRISPR-based technologies and machine learning, are also discussed. Finally, strategies for integrating precision medicine into clinical practice and future innovations in the field are highlighted, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, patient education, and shared decision-making.