Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under five years of age. This review summarizes current knowledge on RV infections, with a particular focus on viral structure, pathophysiological mechanisms, and age-dependent clinical presentation. Special attention is given to systemic manifestations, including central nervous system involvement, autoimmune responses such as type 1 diabetes and celiac disease, and rare associations with biliary atresia. The mechanisms of RV-induced diarrhea and vomiting are discussed in detail. Clinical severity scoring systems—such as the Vesikari and Clark scales—and dehydration assessment tools—the Clinical Dehydration Scale (CDS) and the Dehydration: Assessing Kids Accurately (DHAKA) score—are compared. The review highlights differences in disease course between children under and over five years, emphasizing that RV is not limited to early childhood. A major section addresses the global effectiveness of vaccination programs, their role in reducing disease burden, coverage challenges, and decreased efficacy in low-income countries. Particular focus is placed on high-risk groups, including preterm and immunocompromised infants.

Introduction Campylobacteriosis, caused primarily by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, is a significant public health concern worldwide. Since 2007 it has been the most frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans across the European Union. Campylobacteriosis is also the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea. Aim of the study This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, transmission dynamics, diagnostic approaches, and prevention strategies associated with Campylobacter infections. Brief description of the state of knowledge The transmission of Campylobacter spp. typically occurs via the fecal-oral route, with contaminated food, especially poultry, and water serving as common sources of infection. Notably, Campylobacter infections exhibit distinct seasonal patterns and demographic trends, with children and young adults being particularly susceptible. Clinical manifestations range from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to more severe complications, such as reactive arthritis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Diagnosis usually relies on microbiological testing. Some of these methods require specialized cultivation techniques, with challenges posed by the phenotypic diversity of Campylobacter species. Summary Effective surveillance and prevention strategies are essential for mitigating the burden of campylobacteriosis and its associated sequelae on both individual and population health. Current research focuses on improving preventive measures, underscoring the importance of advancing public health strategies, and further studies into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment options. These efforts are crucial for effectively addressing Campylobacteriosis and reducing its effects on human health and agriculture.

Background: Acute cholecystitis and acute appendicitis are among the most common conditions leading to surgical admissions. However, their concurrent presentation is rare and poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Compared with traditional open surgery, laparoscopy has revolutionized the management of various abdominal pathologies by providing enhanced visualization, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery times. Case Presentation: A 66-year-old woman with severe right upper quadrant and lateral abdominal pain, and nausea was admitted to the general surgical ward. Physical examination showed tenderness and muscle guarding in the right upper quadrant, and a positive Murphy's sign. Laboratory investigations revealed leukocytosis, elevated inflammatory markers, and abnormal liver function. An inconclusive ultrasound led to a CT scan, diagnosing acute cholecystitis and acute appendicitis. A decision was made to perform simultaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendectomy. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged after ten days with standard surgical recommendations. Conclusion: This case report highlights the importance of considering multiple potential causes of abdominal pain, especially with inconclusive initial imaging. Simultaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendectomy demonstrated in this case proved to be feasible, safe, and effective. Early and accurate diagnosis, facilitated by thorough clinical examination and advanced imaging, is crucial for prompt treatment. Surgeons must be prepared for rare concurrent presentations and capable of performing synchronous laparoscopic surgeries to improve patient outcomes and streamline recovery.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic disease with high morbidity and mortality, characterized by inadequate cellular response to insulin and insufficient insulin production by pancreatic β-cells. Epidemiological studies indicate that low serum vitamin D levels are prevalent among the general population globally, exacerbating outcomes of many diseases. Recent studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may impact type 2 diabetes mellitus prognosis. Understanding type 2 diabetes mellitus risk factors and disease progression variables is crucial for proper patient management and public health policies. Purpose of the work: This study aims to review the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the prognosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of research papers available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus was undertaken using the search terms encompassing the following keywords: vitamin D insufficiency / vitamin D supplementation / vitamin D2 / vitamin D3 / ergocalciferol / cholecalciferol and type 2 diabetes mellitus / complications of diabetes / hyperglycemia / insulin resistance / glucose metabolism. Results: Vitamin D deficiency can impact the prognosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, exacerbating complications associated with chronic hyperglycemia such as obesity, mental health issues, vascular complications, and diabetic neuropathy. Given its prevalence among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, early screening and supplementation of vitamin D could offer potential benefits.

Climate change can affect the mental health of children and adolescents. This age group is considered particularly vulnerable to this impact because they are in a period of cognitive and emotional development, during which they are still developing their coping skills. Children and teenagers with pre-existing mental health disorders, such as depression or anxiety, are especially at risk. It is important for parents, medical personnel, and others working with children and adolescents to have the necessary knowledge to help them cope with these challenges. This publication aims to present the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of climate change on the mental health of children and adolescents. Both the direct and indirect effects of these changes will be analyzed, along with strategies for coping with them. By understanding the potential risks, it is possible to develop effective psychological support strategies to minimize the negative impact of climate change on children and adolescents.

Infectious mononucleosis, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, is a contagious disease primarily transmitted through bodily fluids, such as saliva. It is characterized by flu-like prodromal symptoms, followed by the tonsils enlargement, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Complications although rare, may include thrombocytopenia, anemia, encephalitis, myocarditis, or pancreatitis. One of the most dangerous is splenic rupture, which occurs in 0.1% to 0.5% of patients diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. We present the case of an 18-year-old patient, admitted to the general surgery department with acute abdominal pain, later diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus-related splenic rupture unrelated to any trauma. The subsequent laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis, anemia, and abnormal liver function. Imaging revealed free fluid and an enlarged spleen, prompting laparoscopy, later converted to laparotomy due to surgical complexities. Splenectomy was performed, resulting in clinical improvement. Following effective treatment and implemented interventions, the patient was discharged after 7 days with specific postoperative instructions.