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Dr. Steffen Nielsen
Department of Planning, The Technical Faculty of IT and Design,Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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0 District Heating
0 Energy
0 Energy Planning
0 GIS
0 energy system analysis

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District Heating
GIS
Heat planning
Energy Planning
energy system analysis

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Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in Smart Energy
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Energy modeling and planning problems associated with technical, economic, political, and social development have been critical concerns in energy system planning and greenhouse gas emission control for both national and worldwide for many years. This paper modeled and analyzed the current and future energy supply and demand for an oil-rich energy system because energy intensity is very high in such countries. A high shared fossil fuels energy system is modeled, and an appropriate energy mix is proposed to meet the national commitment in Paris Agreement. The EnergyPLAN is used to model the energy system. Hourly actual energy demand and supply are provided for 2004–2016 for all energy sectors and subsectors and anticipated 2030. Five different scenarios are analyzed, and results show that the power sector is more influential than other energy demand sectors. Efficiency improvement of the thermal power plans and the integration of renewable energy resources into the power sector are more useful for reducing Total Primary Energy Consumption, CO2, and variable cost than other scenarios. In the proper scenario, a 1% improvement in the thermal power plants efficiency and 22% annual average growth rate in renewable energy capacity, 4% CO2 reduction can be achieved. It is concluded that in oil-rich counties such as Iran, the energy system efficiency improvement, particularly in electricity production, is more useful for the overall CO2 reduction goals. Efforts for total CO2 reduction benefit the national energy system economy, and the international community will benefit from a more efficient energy system. We believe that by total primary energy supply reduction in oil-rich countries, the international market's energy supply will be increased, which further reduces the pressure on the global oil and gas prices.

ACS Style

Younes Noorollahi; Henrik Lund; Steffen Nielsen; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen. Energy transition in petroleum rich nations: Case study of Iran. Smart Energy 2021, 3, 100026 .

AMA Style

Younes Noorollahi, Henrik Lund, Steffen Nielsen, Jakob Zinck Thellufsen. Energy transition in petroleum rich nations: Case study of Iran. Smart Energy. 2021; 3 ():100026.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Younes Noorollahi; Henrik Lund; Steffen Nielsen; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen. 2021. "Energy transition in petroleum rich nations: Case study of Iran." Smart Energy 3, no. : 100026.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2020 in Energies
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District heating (DH) is an important technology in future smart energy systems as it allows for an efficient implementation of various renewable energy sources. As DH develops towards lower temperatures and renewable electricity production increases, new types of heat sources become relevant. Thus, the aim of this article is to assess the potential for utilizing four unconventional excess heat (UEH) sources in DH systems, namely: Data centers, wastewater treatment, metros and service sector buildings. The main method used to assess the UEH potentials is an energy system analysis focusing on the availability and economic feasibility of utilizing the UEH sources in national contexts. The analysis consists of 2015 and 2050 scenarios for Germany, Spain and France. The results show a potential for utilizing the UEH potentials in all three countries, both in 2015 and 2050 systems. The potentials are highest in the 2050 scenarios, primarily due to larger DH shares. Furthermore, the potentials are limited by competition with other heat supply sources, conjunction with heat demands and feasible heat pump operation. In conclusion, the four UEH sources could impact the local DH systems, but in a national energy system context they are expected to play a minor role.

ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen; Kenneth Hansen; Rasmus Lund; Diana Moreno. Unconventional Excess Heat Sources for District Heating in a National Energy System Context. Energies 2020, 13, 5068 .

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen, Kenneth Hansen, Rasmus Lund, Diana Moreno. Unconventional Excess Heat Sources for District Heating in a National Energy System Context. Energies. 2020; 13 (19):5068.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen; Kenneth Hansen; Rasmus Lund; Diana Moreno. 2020. "Unconventional Excess Heat Sources for District Heating in a National Energy System Context." Energies 13, no. 19: 5068.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2020 in Energies
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This paper addresses economic aspects of heat savings in the context of strategic heat planning. The analysis uses the city of Aalborg, Denmark, as a case where municipalisation through a recent acquisition of a coal-fired cogeneration of heat and power (CHP) plant has made an update of a municipal strategic energy plan necessary. Combining datasets on buildings and insulation techniques with economic methods, we investigate how the local district heating tariff can be adapted to improve the conditions for heat savings and support the transition to lower supply temperatures in line with the requirements of future fourth generation district heating systems. The paper concludes that implementing a fully variable heat tariff scheme improves the financial incentive for heat savings, while also making the system development less vulnerable to fluctuations and shortages in capital markets. The paper supplements existing literature on heat savings with novelty in its approach and in its systematic investigation of the interplay between tariff policies and interest rates.

ACS Style

Søren Djørup; Karl Sperling; Steffen Nielsen; Poul Alborg Østergaard; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Peter Sorknæs; Henrik Lund; David Drysdale. District Heating Tariffs, Economic Optimisation and Local Strategies during Radical Technological Change. Energies 2020, 13, 1172 .

AMA Style

Søren Djørup, Karl Sperling, Steffen Nielsen, Poul Alborg Østergaard, Jakob Zinck Thellufsen, Peter Sorknæs, Henrik Lund, David Drysdale. District Heating Tariffs, Economic Optimisation and Local Strategies during Radical Technological Change. Energies. 2020; 13 (5):1172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Søren Djørup; Karl Sperling; Steffen Nielsen; Poul Alborg Østergaard; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Peter Sorknæs; Henrik Lund; David Drysdale. 2020. "District Heating Tariffs, Economic Optimisation and Local Strategies during Radical Technological Change." Energies 13, no. 5: 1172.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Studies show that energy efficiency should play a significant role towards achieving cost-efficient 100% renewable energy systems. One way to attain cleaner heating solutions for the future is to utilise waste heat from power plants and industry through district heating. In the European Union, approximately 50% of thermal energy is lost in conversion processes. This research paper investigates the potential for the implementation of district heating in a future energy system originally intended not to include district heating. The paper approaches the problem by utilising TIMES modelling to frame the initial future energy system. However, MARKAL/TIMES is not ideal to investigate the operation of different heating scenarios, due to a lack of hourly modelling. Hence, the study utilises EnergyPLAN to investigate the implementation of district heating as an alternative heating scenario to individual heating. EnergyPLAN allows for simulating the hourly operation of not only electricity systems but also heating systems. The study investigates the implementation of district heating in the CO2-80 scenario created with the Irish TIMES model. As the Irish CO2-80 scenario does not include district heating, this study uses EnergyPLAN to simulate an 80% reduction scenario, with and without district heating, to compare the operation of the two systems. A sensitivity analysis is included to reflect on the uncertainties of the study. The results show that a district heating solution is more fuel-efficient while more investment heavy, however the fuel savings more than compensates for the increased investments. In total, the district heating scenario is close to 300 M € cheaper in annual costs than the individual heating scenario for Ireland, and achieves a fuel efficiency increase of 3.5% in the whole energy system due to an efficiency increase in the heating sector. The article shows both the relevance of using multiple models, and the need to consider district heating in a future Irish energy system

ACS Style

Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Steffen Nielsen; Henrik Lund. Implementing cleaner heating solutions towards a future low-carbon scenario in Ireland. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 214, 377 -388.

AMA Style

Jakob Zinck Thellufsen, Steffen Nielsen, Henrik Lund. Implementing cleaner heating solutions towards a future low-carbon scenario in Ireland. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 214 ():377-388.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Steffen Nielsen; Henrik Lund. 2019. "Implementing cleaner heating solutions towards a future low-carbon scenario in Ireland." Journal of Cleaner Production 214, no. : 377-388.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2018 in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
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When transitioning to a 100% renewable energy system storing electricity becomes a focal point, as the resource flexibility is lost and the design of the energy system needs to provide flexibility and balancing options to integrate intermittent renewable resources. Using technologies such as power-to-gas offers an opportunity to store electricity in chemical form, which can be used as a long-term storage option. This paper develops a spatial modelling method by using a GIS tool to investigate potential generation sites for power-to-gas plants. The method determines the location of the plants by carbon source potential, proximity of the grid, costs of grid transmission and investment costs of the technology itself. By combining these types of data, it is possible to identify the investment costs of the power-to-gas plants. The method focuses on two paths: biogas upgrade and CO2 methanation. The method is applied to a specific case by investigating the power-to-gas potential in Denmark. The potential and spatial deployment is found by examining the investment costs of plants with an annual gas production of 60 GWh. The findings of the analysis indicate that the biogas upgrade path is the cheapest one of the two, at the present cost level, but due to the relatively small number of biogas plants in Denmark, the chosen plant size is limited to around 55 plants. CO2 methanation is a more costly path, but it has a larger potential of around 800 plants. As the analysis is based on the current sources for biogas and CO2, it is important to emphasise that the potential for CO2 methanation plants can be expected to diminish in the future as more renewable energy is introduced, lowering the need for thermal energy producers, while biogas production could see an increase. Nevertheless, the analysis of a specific case shows that the method gives a good indication of the extent of the power-to-gas resources by using a novel approach to the matter. The method can be applied in other countries as well, giving it a wide appeal.

ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen; Iva Ridjan Skov. Investment screening model for spatial deployment of power-to-gas plants on a national scale – A Danish case. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2018, 44, 9544 -9557.

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen, Iva Ridjan Skov. Investment screening model for spatial deployment of power-to-gas plants on a national scale – A Danish case. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2018; 44 (19):9544-9557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen; Iva Ridjan Skov. 2018. "Investment screening model for spatial deployment of power-to-gas plants on a national scale – A Danish case." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 19: 9544-9557.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2018 in Energies
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District heating has the potential to play a key role in the transition towards a renewable energy system. However, the development towards reduced heat demands threatens the feasibility of district heating. Despite this challenge, opportunity exists in the form of fourth generation district heating, which operates at lower temperatures and enables better renewable integration. This article investigates this challenge by examining the district heating potential within three scenarios: The first is a reference scenario with current heat demand and temperatures, the second includes heat demand savings and the third includes reduced grid temperatures in addition to heat savings. To examine the scenarios, two models are developed. The first is a heat atlas model, in which heat demands are mapped on an address level. The second model assesses district heating expansion potentials based on economic costs. The models are applied using an example case of The Northern Region of Denmark. The article concludes that the district heating potential is highest in the reference scenario. When heat savings are introduced, district heating expansions, in most cases, will not be feasible. Introducing low-temperature district heating modestly increases the feasible expansion potential. This general conclusion is highly dependent on the specific system examined.

ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen; Lars Grundahl. District Heating Expansion Potential with Low-Temperature and End-Use Heat Savings. Energies 2018, 11, 277 .

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen, Lars Grundahl. District Heating Expansion Potential with Low-Temperature and End-Use Heat Savings. Energies. 2018; 11 (2):277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen; Lars Grundahl. 2018. "District Heating Expansion Potential with Low-Temperature and End-Use Heat Savings." Energies 11, no. 2: 277.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Energy
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Recent studies show that a high share of district heating is an important part of a future sustainable energy system or smart energy system with a high renewable energy penetration. These studies also show socio-economic benefits of expanding the district heating coverage. However, in order to implement such an expansion, district heating needs to be economically feasible for the heat consumers. This aspect is often not investigated and hence it is unknown if calculations based on consumer-economy, where tax payment is included, will yield the same potential of expansion. This study identifies the differences in the expansion potential of district heating calculated with a socio-economic and a consumer-economic approach, respectively, in a case study of Denmark. By also investigating the consumer-economy of expanding district heating, a deeper insight is obtained of possible locations for expanding district heating under the current framework conditions.

ACS Style

Lars Grundahl; Steffen Nielsen; Henrik Lund; Bernd Möller. Comparison of district heating expansion potential based on consumer-economy or socio-economy. Energy 2016, 115, 1771 -1778.

AMA Style

Lars Grundahl, Steffen Nielsen, Henrik Lund, Bernd Möller. Comparison of district heating expansion potential based on consumer-economy or socio-economy. Energy. 2016; 115 ():1771-1778.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lars Grundahl; Steffen Nielsen; Henrik Lund; Bernd Möller. 2016. "Comparison of district heating expansion potential based on consumer-economy or socio-economy." Energy 115, no. : 1771-1778.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2015 in Applied Energy
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ACS Style

Brian Vad Mathiesen; Henrik Lund; David Connolly; Henrik Wenzel; Poul Alberg Østergaard; B. Möller; Steffen Nielsen; I. Ridjan; P. Karnøe; Karl Sperling; F.K. Hvelplund. Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Applied Energy 2015, 145, 139 -154.

AMA Style

Brian Vad Mathiesen, Henrik Lund, David Connolly, Henrik Wenzel, Poul Alberg Østergaard, B. Möller, Steffen Nielsen, I. Ridjan, P. Karnøe, Karl Sperling, F.K. Hvelplund. Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Applied Energy. 2015; 145 ():139-154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian Vad Mathiesen; Henrik Lund; David Connolly; Henrik Wenzel; Poul Alberg Østergaard; B. Möller; Steffen Nielsen; I. Ridjan; P. Karnøe; Karl Sperling; F.K. Hvelplund. 2015. "Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions." Applied Energy 145, no. : 139-154.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2015 in International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management
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This paper investigates to which extent heat should be saved rather than produced and to which extent district heating infrastructures, rather than individual heating solutions, should be used in future sustainable smart energy systems. Based on a concrete proposal to implement the Danish governmental 2050 fossil-free vision, this paper identifies marginal heat production costs and compares these to marginal heat savings costs for two different levels of district heating. A suitable least-cost heating strategy seems to be to invest in an approximately 50% decrease in net heat demands in new buildings and buildings that are being renovated anyway, while the implementation of heat savings in buildings that are not being renovated hardly pays. Moreover, the analysis points in the direction that a least-cost strategy will be to provide approximately 2/3 of the heat demand from district heating and the rest from individual heat pumps.

ACS Style

Henrik Lund; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Søren Aggerholm; Kim Bjarne Wittchen; Steffen Nielsen; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Bernd Möller. Heat Saving Strategies in Sustainable Smart Energy Systems. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 2015, 4, 3 -16.

AMA Style

Henrik Lund, Jakob Zinck Thellufsen, Søren Aggerholm, Kim Bjarne Wittchen, Steffen Nielsen, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Bernd Möller. Heat Saving Strategies in Sustainable Smart Energy Systems. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. 2015; 4 ():3-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Henrik Lund; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Søren Aggerholm; Kim Bjarne Wittchen; Steffen Nielsen; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Bernd Möller. 2015. "Heat Saving Strategies in Sustainable Smart Energy Systems." International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 4, no. : 3-16.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2014 in International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management
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Significant reductions of heat demand, low-carbon and renewable energy sources, and district heating are key elements in 100% renewable energy systems. Appraisal of district heating along with energy efficient buildings and individual heat supply requires a geographical representation of heat demand, energy efficiency and energy supply. The present paper describes a Heat Atlas built around a spatial database using geographical information systems (GIS). The present atlas allows for per-building calculations of potentials and costs of energy savings, connectivity to existing district heat, and current heat supply and demand. For the entire building mass a conclusive link is established between the built environment and its heat supply. The expansion of district heating; the interconnection of distributed district heating systems; or the question whether to invest in ultra-efficient buildings with individual supply, or in collective heating using renewable energy for heating the current building stock, can be based on improved data.

ACS Style

Bernd Möller; Steffen Nielsen. High resolution heat atlases for demand and supply mapping. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 2014, 1, 41 -58.

AMA Style

Bernd Möller, Steffen Nielsen. High resolution heat atlases for demand and supply mapping. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. 2014; 1 ():41-58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Möller; Steffen Nielsen. 2014. "High resolution heat atlases for demand and supply mapping." International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 1, no. : 41-58.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2014 in Energy
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ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen. ‘Corrigendum to “A geographic method for high resolution spatial heat planning” [Energy 67 (2014) 351–362]’. Energy 2014, 69, 892 .

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen. ‘Corrigendum to “A geographic method for high resolution spatial heat planning” [Energy 67 (2014) 351–362]’. Energy. 2014; 69 ():892.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen. 2014. "‘Corrigendum to “A geographic method for high resolution spatial heat planning” [Energy 67 (2014) 351–362]’." Energy 69, no. : 892.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2014 in Energy
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ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen; Bernd Möller. ‘Corrigendum to “Excess heat production of future net zero energy buildings within district heating areas in Denmark” [Energy 48 (2012) 23–31]’. Energy 2014, 69, 893 .

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen, Bernd Möller. ‘Corrigendum to “Excess heat production of future net zero energy buildings within district heating areas in Denmark” [Energy 48 (2012) 23–31]’. Energy. 2014; 69 ():893.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen; Bernd Möller. 2014. "‘Corrigendum to “Excess heat production of future net zero energy buildings within district heating areas in Denmark” [Energy 48 (2012) 23–31]’." Energy 69, no. : 893.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2014 in Energy
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ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen; Bernd Möller. Corrigendum to “GIS based analysis of future district heating potential in Denmark” [Energy 57 (2013) 458–468]. Energy 2014, 69, 891 .

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen, Bernd Möller. Corrigendum to “GIS based analysis of future district heating potential in Denmark” [Energy 57 (2013) 458–468]. Energy. 2014; 69 ():891.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen; Bernd Möller. 2014. "Corrigendum to “GIS based analysis of future district heating potential in Denmark” [Energy 57 (2013) 458–468]." Energy 69, no. : 891.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Energy
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ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen. A geographic method for high resolution spatial heat planning. Energy 2014, 67, 351 -362.

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen. A geographic method for high resolution spatial heat planning. Energy. 2014; 67 ():351-362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen. 2014. "A geographic method for high resolution spatial heat planning." Energy 67, no. : 351-362.

Journal article
Published: 07 November 2013 in Energy Policy
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Six different strategies have recently been proposed for the European Union (EU) energy system in the European Commission's report, Energy Roadmap 2050. The objective for these strategies is to identify how the EU can reach its target of an 80% reduction in annual greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 compared to 1990 levels. None of these scenarios involve the large-scale implementation of district heating, but instead they focus on the electrification of the heating sector (primarily using heat pumps) and/or the large-scale implementation of electricity and heat savings. In this paper, the potential for district heating in the EU between now and 2050 is identified, based on extensive and detailed mapping of the EU heat demand and various supply options. Subsequently, a new ‘district heating plus heat savings’ scenario is technically and economically assessed from an energy systems perspective. The results indicate that with district heating, the EU energy system will be able to achieve the same reductions in primary energy supply and carbon dioxide emissions as the existing alternatives proposed. However, with district heating these goals can be achieved at a lower cost, with heating and cooling costs reduced by approximately 15%.

ACS Style

D. Connolly; Henrik Lund; B.V. Mathiesen; Sven Werner; B. Möller; Urban Persson; T. Boermans; D. Trier; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Steffen Nielsen. Heat Roadmap Europe: Combining district heating with heat savings to decarbonise the EU energy system. Energy Policy 2013, 65, 475 -489.

AMA Style

D. Connolly, Henrik Lund, B.V. Mathiesen, Sven Werner, B. Möller, Urban Persson, T. Boermans, D. Trier, Poul Alberg Østergaard, Steffen Nielsen. Heat Roadmap Europe: Combining district heating with heat savings to decarbonise the EU energy system. Energy Policy. 2013; 65 ():475-489.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Connolly; Henrik Lund; B.V. Mathiesen; Sven Werner; B. Möller; Urban Persson; T. Boermans; D. Trier; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Steffen Nielsen. 2013. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Combining district heating with heat savings to decarbonise the EU energy system." Energy Policy 65, no. : 475-489.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2013 in Energy
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ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen; Bernd Möller. GIS based analysis of future district heating potential in Denmark. Energy 2013, 57, 458 -468.

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen, Bernd Möller. GIS based analysis of future district heating potential in Denmark. Energy. 2013; 57 ():458-468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen; Bernd Möller. 2013. "GIS based analysis of future district heating potential in Denmark." Energy 57, no. : 458-468.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Energy
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ACS Style

Bernd Möller; Karl Sperling; Steffen Nielsen; Carla Kornelia Smink; Søren Kerndrup. Creating consciousness about the opportunities to integrate sustainable energy on islands. Energy 2012, 48, 339 -345.

AMA Style

Bernd Möller, Karl Sperling, Steffen Nielsen, Carla Kornelia Smink, Søren Kerndrup. Creating consciousness about the opportunities to integrate sustainable energy on islands. Energy. 2012; 48 (1):339-345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Möller; Karl Sperling; Steffen Nielsen; Carla Kornelia Smink; Søren Kerndrup. 2012. "Creating consciousness about the opportunities to integrate sustainable energy on islands." Energy 48, no. 1: 339-345.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Energy
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ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen; Bernd Möller. Excess heat production of future net zero energy buildings within district heating areas in Denmark. Energy 2012, 48, 23 -31.

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen, Bernd Möller. Excess heat production of future net zero energy buildings within district heating areas in Denmark. Energy. 2012; 48 (1):23-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen; Bernd Möller. 2012. "Excess heat production of future net zero energy buildings within district heating areas in Denmark." Energy 48, no. 1: 23-31.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2011 in Energy
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The long-term goal for Danish energy policy is to be free of fossil fuels through the increasing use of renewable energy sources (RES) including fluctuating renewable electricity (FRE). The Danish electricity market is part of the Nordic power exchange, which uses a Marginal Price auction system (MPS) for the day-ahead auctions. The market price is thus equal to the bidding price of the most expensive auction winning unit. In the MPS, the FRE bid at prices of or close to zero resulting in reduced market prices during hours of FRE production. In turn, this reduces the FRE sources’ income from market sales. As more FRE is implemented, this effect will only become greater, thereby reducing the income for FRE producers. Other auction settings could potentially help to reduce this problem. One candidate is the pay-as-bid auction setting (PAB), where winning units are paid their own bidding price. This article investigates the two auction settings, to find whether a change of auction setting would provide a more suitable frame for large shares of FRE. This has been done with two energy system scenarios with different shares of FRE. From the analysis, it is found that MPS is generally better for the FRE sources. The result is, however, very sensitive to the base assumptions used for the calculations.

ACS Style

Steffen Nielsen; Peter Sorknæs; Poul Alberg Østergaard. Electricity market auction settings in a future Danish electricity system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources – A comparison of marginal pricing and pay-as-bid. Energy 2011, 36, 4434 -4444.

AMA Style

Steffen Nielsen, Peter Sorknæs, Poul Alberg Østergaard. Electricity market auction settings in a future Danish electricity system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources – A comparison of marginal pricing and pay-as-bid. Energy. 2011; 36 (7):4434-4444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Nielsen; Peter Sorknæs; Poul Alberg Østergaard. 2011. "Electricity market auction settings in a future Danish electricity system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources – A comparison of marginal pricing and pay-as-bid." Energy 36, no. 7: 4434-4444.