Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease characterised by the formation of a hyperplastic pannus, as well as cartilage and bone damage. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves broad interactions between various cells present in the inflamed synovium, including fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), macrophages, and T cells, among others. Under inflammatory conditions, these cells are activated, further enhancing inflammatory responses and angiogenesis and promoting bone and cartilage degradation. Novel treatment methods for RA are greatly needed, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been suggested as a promising new regenerative and immunomodulatory treatment. In this paper, we present the interactions between MSCs and RA-FLSs, and macrophages and T cells, and summarise studies examining the use of MSCs in preclinical and clinical RA studies.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to joint damage and physical dysfunction. The pathogenesis of RA is highly complex, involving genetic, epigenetic, immune, and metabolic factors, among others. Over the years, research has highlighted the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating gene expression. Given their dysregulation in numerous conditions, ncRNAs are thought to play a role in pathological processes. In RA, aberrant levels of circulating long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly observed in peripheral blood, along with their dysregulated expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial tissue. This review discusses the involvement of lncRNAs in inflammation and the aggressive characteristics of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, a key cellular population driving RA progression.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and progressive metabolic disorder associated with abnormal blood glucose levels. The term involves several diseases with different pathophysiology mechanisms and treatment strategies. Stem cell-based treatments represent an emerging strategy for patients with diabetes mellitus with severe pancreatic insufficiency and poor glycemic control. Over the last 20 years, researchers have investigated mesenchymal stem cell infusion and the transplantation of stem cell-derived β cells and islet tissues. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the latest advances in the field of stem cell use in diabetes, including clinical studies and preclinical experiments aiming at improving the efficacy and safety of stem cell use.