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Prof. Dr. John Sessions
College of Forestry, 336 Peavy Hall Science Complex, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Transportation Planning
0 Tactical forest planning
0 Strategic forest planning
0 Decision support systems for road management
0 Biomass collection and transport

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Journal article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Forests
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The standing skyline continues to be a common cable logging configuration. In payload analysis it is usually assumed that the tagline (line connecting the logs to the carriage) length is held constant while yarding a turn up the skyline corridor. We show this assumption severely limits the skyline load-carrying capacity for skylines operating with partial suspension. We suggest that smart carriage technology could markedly increase the log load capacity through the use of a variable length tagline, and thus logging productivity. A methodology for estimating the log load capacity for a standing skyline with variable tagline length is presented. We illustrate that increases of 30–40 percent in log load are possible with a variable length tagline.

ACS Style

John Sessions; Kevin Lyons; Jeff Wimer. Maximizing the Standing Skyline Log Load Using a Variable Length Tagline. Forests 2021, 12, 927 .

AMA Style

John Sessions, Kevin Lyons, Jeff Wimer. Maximizing the Standing Skyline Log Load Using a Variable Length Tagline. Forests. 2021; 12 (7):927.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Sessions; Kevin Lyons; Jeff Wimer. 2021. "Maximizing the Standing Skyline Log Load Using a Variable Length Tagline." Forests 12, no. 7: 927.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2021 in Croatian journal of forest engineering
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As mechanization increases, the percentage of the total cost of the logging operation due to equipment purchase and operation increases. This makes assumptions about machine life, machine maintenance costs, and fuel consumption more critical in understanding the costs of logging operations. For many years machine rate calculations have followed a fixed format based on the concept of scheduled and productive machine hours. When equipment utilization is less than 100%, the traditional machine rate calculation assumes that the machine continues to depreciate and machine wear occurs during the non-productive time at the same rate as during the productive time. This can lead to overestimates of the hourly cost of machine operation by effectively shortening the machine lifetime productive hours as the utilization decreases. The use of inflated machine rates can distort comparisons of logging systems, logging strategies, equipment replacement strategies, and perhaps the viability of a logging operation. We propose adjusting the life of the machine to account for non-productive time: machine life in years should be increased with a decrease in machine utilization, while cumulative machine life in hours remains the same. Once the life has been adjusted, the traditional machine rate calculation procedure can be carried out as is normally done. We provided an example that shows the traditional method at 50% utilization yielded a machine rate per productive hour nearly 30% higher than our modified method. Our sample analysis showed the traditional method consistently provided overestimates for any utilization rate less than 100%, with lower utilization rates yielding progressively increasing overestimates. We believe that our modified approach yields more accurate estimates of machine costs that would contribute to an improved understanding of the machine costs of forest operations.

ACS Style

John Sessions; Michael Berry; Han Sup-Han. Machine Rate Estimates and Equipment Utilization. Croatian journal of forest engineering 2021, 42, 1 .

AMA Style

John Sessions, Michael Berry, Han Sup-Han. Machine Rate Estimates and Equipment Utilization. Croatian journal of forest engineering. 2021; 42 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Sessions; Michael Berry; Han Sup-Han. 2021. "Machine Rate Estimates and Equipment Utilization." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2021 in Forests
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Research Highlights: (1) Optimizing mid-rotation thinning increased modeled land expectation values by as much as 5.1–10.1% over a representative reference prescription on plots planted at 2.7 and 3.7 m square spacings. (2) Eight heuristics, five of which were newly applied to selecting individual trees for thinning, produced thinning prescriptions of near identical quality. (3) Based on heuristic sampling properties, we introduced a variant of the hero heuristic with a 5.3–20% greater computational efficiency. Background and Objectives: Thinning, which is arguably the most subjective human intervention in the life of a stand, is commonly executed with limited decision support in tree selection. This study evaluated heuristics’ ability to support tree selection in a factorial experiment that considered the thinning method, tree density, thinning age, and rotation length. Materials and Methods: The Organon growth model was used for the financial optimization of even age Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) harvest rotations consisting of a single thinning followed by clearcutting on a high-productivity site. We evaluated two versions of the hero heuristic, four Monte Carlo heuristics (simulated annealing, record-to-record travel, threshold accepting, and great deluge), a genetic algorithm, and tabu search for their efficiency in maximizing land expectation value. Results: With 50–75 years rotations and a 4% discount rate, heuristic tree selection always increased land expectation values over other thinning methods. The two hero heuristics were the most computationally efficient methods. The four Monte Carlo heuristics required 2.8–3.4 times more computation than hero. The genetic algorithm and the tabu search required 4.2–8.4 and 21–52 times, respectively, more computation than hero. Conclusions: The accuracy of the resulting thinning prescriptions was limited by the quality of stand measurement, and the accuracy of the growth and yield models was linked to the heuristics rather than to the choice of heuristic. However, heuristic performance may be sensitive to the chosen models.

ACS Style

Todd West; John Sessions; Bogdan Strimbu. Heuristic Optimization of Thinning Individual Douglas-Fir. Forests 2021, 12, 280 .

AMA Style

Todd West, John Sessions, Bogdan Strimbu. Heuristic Optimization of Thinning Individual Douglas-Fir. Forests. 2021; 12 (3):280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Todd West; John Sessions; Bogdan Strimbu. 2021. "Heuristic Optimization of Thinning Individual Douglas-Fir." Forests 12, no. 3: 280.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2021 in Croatian journal of forest engineering
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Forest roads are the key infrastructures that provide access to forest areas for sustainable management, protection, and utilization of forest resources. In order to benefit from the important functions of forest roads, they should be built in with adequate technical road standards. The road network with low technical standards require more frequent major repairs to ensure continues access to forest resources. In addition, only small trucks with low load capacity can move on the low standard roads. Furthermore, the low road standards limit the truck speed that increases vehicle travel time. These negative effects increase the transportation costs which are an important part of the timber production costs in Turkey. Thus, improving the road standards and developing forest transportation planning should be evaluated together in the most appropriate way. Large logging trucks with high load capacity are generally preferred for efficient transportation of wood-based forest products. In Turkey, large logging trucks, however, cannot operate on the most of the forest roads because insufficient technical road standards (road width, curve radius, surface materials, road structures) limit the maneuverability of large logging trucks. In this study, the objective is to determine the effects of improving forest road standards on total net profit of forest products by using the NETWORK 2000 program, a heuristic approach for solving forest transportation problems. Three Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FECs) located in Mustafakemalpaşa Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in Bursa Forest Regional Directorate were selected as the study area. The digital data layers for forest road network was generated by using ArcGIS 10.4 software. In the solution process, firstly, the optimum routes that minimize the transportation cost and maximize the total net profit of forest products on existing forest road networks were investigated for a truck type (15 ton) currently used in the region. In the second case, forest transportation was planned for the high load capacity truck (29 ton) moving on the forest roads with improved standards. In the first case, the transportation costs and annual major repair costs were considered in the calculation of the net profit of forest products, while one time cost of road improvement activities (i.e. road improvement construction, road structure installation, road surface construction) and annual maintenance costs were considered along with transportation costs in the second case. In both cases, the costs of other forest operations (i.e. felling, logging, etc.) were not considered since it was assumed that they do not vary with the forest transportation alternatives. As a result of the transportation plan developed for high load capacity truck, the annual transportation cost decreased by 46.85% comparing to the local logging trucks with low load capacity. Using improved road standards, the total road costs computed for the time period of 30 years (i.e. the average expected life cycle of forest roads) were reduced by 4.64%. The total net profit of forest products transported by using a high load capacity truck was 473,340 Euro more than that of using low load capacity truck on the existing forest road network. Thus, improving road standards might result in some additional costs in the road construction stage, but total net profit of forest products increase since transportation costs along with maintenance and repair costs considerably decrease in the long term.

ACS Style

Abdullah E. Akay; Hasan Serin; John Sessions; Ebru Bilici; Mehmet Pak. Evaluating the Effects of Improving Forest Road Standards on Economic Value of Forest Products. Croatian journal of forest engineering 2021, 42, 1 .

AMA Style

Abdullah E. Akay, Hasan Serin, John Sessions, Ebru Bilici, Mehmet Pak. Evaluating the Effects of Improving Forest Road Standards on Economic Value of Forest Products. Croatian journal of forest engineering. 2021; 42 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdullah E. Akay; Hasan Serin; John Sessions; Ebru Bilici; Mehmet Pak. 2021. "Evaluating the Effects of Improving Forest Road Standards on Economic Value of Forest Products." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2020 in Forests
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Research Highlights: This study evaluated the impacts of biomass recovery on site preparation costs while proposing a mathematical model and framework to catalogue the benefits depending on harvesting system. Background and Objectives: Biomass as a viable product depends on the requisite costs of production compared to the price paid by relative markets. The removal of biomass directly impacts site preparation costs, and the operational and economic ramifications of this should inform the feasibility of biomass harvesting and market viability. The relative incentives for biomass removal depend on the quantity, presentation, and location of the residues and are thus a result of the commercial sawlog harvesting system. This incentive also largely depends on the required work to prepare a site for replanting. Materials and Methods: This study developed a mathematical model to connect the concepts of site preparation, harvesting, and biomass costs and revenues to determine the maximum net revenue. This work also developed a framework for understanding and calculating the key model inputs related to site preparation and the relative economic site preparation incentive for biomass harvesting. The framework was then illustrated by using industry data from plantations in Queensland, Australia. Results and Conclusions: The analysis identified a potential reduction in site preparation costs due to biomass harvesting of USD 75–450 ha−1, with a greater incentive when using cut-to-length harvesting systems compared with whole-tree harvesting due to the greater volume of residues after cut-to-length harvesting. For example, a removal of 20 t ha−1 of recoverable biomass after cut-to-length harvesting may equate to an economic incentive of USD 22 t−1. Depending on the biomass market, this incentive may represent a significant percentage (or even exceed) the biomass market price. The combination of biomass market price plus site preparation economic incentive may make biomass an attractive market opportunity, even in challenging biomarkets.

ACS Style

Michael Berry; John Sessions. Evaluating the Economic Incentives of Biomass Removal on Site Preparation for Different Harvesting Systems in Australia. Forests 2020, 11, 1370 .

AMA Style

Michael Berry, John Sessions. Evaluating the Economic Incentives of Biomass Removal on Site Preparation for Different Harvesting Systems in Australia. Forests. 2020; 11 (12):1370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Berry; John Sessions. 2020. "Evaluating the Economic Incentives of Biomass Removal on Site Preparation for Different Harvesting Systems in Australia." Forests 11, no. 12: 1370.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2020 in Biosystems Engineering
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Ground based forest harvesting machines are being used on steeper slopes with the aid of tethers to help maintain traction and stability. It is common to position a base machine containing the tether winch above the forest harvesting machine. This configuration is termed a live tether. The live tethers may be run around rub trees to reduce the time required to reposition the tether. This study developed a new model that includes both friction and cutting forces to estimate cable tension on either side of the rub tree. A dataset collected in the field was used to estimate the parameters in the model. The model appears to be promising; however, further work is required on the interaction of the cable cutting surfaces and the surface toughness of the wood. In general, it was found that the difference in the tension on either side of the rub tree increased with increasing change in angle, that the cable on average cut 3 mm deeper with each 10 m of the cable travel, and that the difference in tension was not correlated with the depth cut into the wood.

ACS Style

C. Kevin Lyons; John D. Sessions; Jeffrey A. Wimer. The effect on tether tension when using trees to redirect live machine tethers during forest harvesting on steep slopes. Biosystems Engineering 2020, 195, 89 -96.

AMA Style

C. Kevin Lyons, John D. Sessions, Jeffrey A. Wimer. The effect on tether tension when using trees to redirect live machine tethers during forest harvesting on steep slopes. Biosystems Engineering. 2020; 195 ():89-96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Kevin Lyons; John D. Sessions; Jeffrey A. Wimer. 2020. "The effect on tether tension when using trees to redirect live machine tethers during forest harvesting on steep slopes." Biosystems Engineering 195, no. : 89-96.

Journal article
Published: 11 August 2019 in Remote Sensing
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Accurate and precise location of trees from data acquired under-the-canopy is challenging and time-consuming. However, current forestry practices would benefit tremendously from the knowledge of tree coordinates, particularly when the information used to position them is acquired with inexpensive sensors. Therefore, the objective of our study is to geo-reference trees using point clouds created from the images acquired below canopy. We developed a procedure that uses the coordinates of the trees seen from above canopy to position the same trees seen below canopy. To geo-reference the trees from above canopy we captured images with an unmanned aerial vehicle. We reconstructed the trunk with photogrammetric point clouds built with a structure–from–motion procedure from images recorded in a circular pattern at multiple locations throughout the stand. We matched the trees segmented from below canopy with the trees extracted from above canopy using a non-rigid point-matching algorithm. To ensure accuracy, we reduced the number of matching trees by dividing the trees segmented from above using a grid with 50 m cells. Our procedure was implemented on a 7.1 ha Douglas-fir stand from Oregon USA. The proposed procedure is relatively fast, as approximately 600 trees were mapped in approximately 1 min. The procedure is sensitive to the point density, directly impacting tree location, as differences larger than 2 m between the coordinates of the tree top and the bottom part of the stem could lead to matching errors larger than 1 m. Furthermore, the larger the number of trees to be matched the higher the accuracy is, which could allow for misalignment errors larger than 2 m between the locations of the trees segmented from above and below.

ACS Style

Bogdan M. Strimbu; Chu Qi; John Sessions. Accurate Geo-Referencing of Trees with No or Inaccurate Terrestrial Location Devices. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 1877 .

AMA Style

Bogdan M. Strimbu, Chu Qi, John Sessions. Accurate Geo-Referencing of Trees with No or Inaccurate Terrestrial Location Devices. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (16):1877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bogdan M. Strimbu; Chu Qi; John Sessions. 2019. "Accurate Geo-Referencing of Trees with No or Inaccurate Terrestrial Location Devices." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16: 1877.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2019 in Forest Science
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Fuel-reduction treatments on steep slopes across federal forests of the western United States have been limited by the high costs associated with cable logging on steeper slopes combined with poor market prospects for small-diameter material (Bolding 2003, Rummer 2008, Han et al. 2016). The emergence of tethered cut-to-length harvesting systems and small wood markets (e.g., biochar) could decrease costs and increase revenue generated from treatments. Over the course of 3 weeks, we observed both tethered (steeper slopes) and untethered cut-to-length fuel-reduction treatment on the Fremont-Winema National Forest in south-central Oregon and interviewed operators. We used those data to derive and contrast hourly costs and productivity for the harvester and forwarder. This was the first time a tethered harvester and forwarder were used in a fuel-reduction treatment on federal forests in this region. We developed and tested a variety of work time model forms for each machine. The mean utilization rate for the harvester was 64 percent on 17 tethered consolidated corridors but 87 percent on 28 untethered consolidated corridors. Similarly, the forwarder had a mean utilization rate of 76 percent on 30 tethered trips and 89 percent on 114 untethered trips. This reduced utilization rate could be because of the direct effects of tethering, the increased complexities of operations associated with steeper slopes, and the stand characteristics (e.g., lower stand density and tree sweep) associated with steeper slopes. Costs during tethered operations were higher than during nontethered operations, but lower than previous reports using cable logging.

ACS Style

Joshua Petitmermet; John Sessions; John Bailey; Rene Zamora-Cristales. Cost and Productivity of Tethered Cut-to-Length Systems in a Dry-Forest Fuel-Reduction Treatment: A Case Study. Forest Science 2019, 65, 581 -592.

AMA Style

Joshua Petitmermet, John Sessions, John Bailey, Rene Zamora-Cristales. Cost and Productivity of Tethered Cut-to-Length Systems in a Dry-Forest Fuel-Reduction Treatment: A Case Study. Forest Science. 2019; 65 (5):581-592.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joshua Petitmermet; John Sessions; John Bailey; Rene Zamora-Cristales. 2019. "Cost and Productivity of Tethered Cut-to-Length Systems in a Dry-Forest Fuel-Reduction Treatment: A Case Study." Forest Science 65, no. 5: 581-592.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2018 in Forest Science
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Between 30 and 40% of private and state forest lands in the US Pacific Northwest are in steep terrain, making forest harvest residues difficult and costly to obtain. Turnarounds in steep terrain are particularly problematic. In 2010, Hermann Brothers Logging (Port Angeles, WA), in collaboration with Western Trailers (Boise, ID), designed a self-steering chip van to increase large trailer access in steep areas of the Olympic Peninsula (WA). Following a series of mobility tests of the self-steering trailer, Arena Simulation by Rockwell Automation was used to compare the self-steering trailer system cost-effectiveness against a hook-lift truck system on a total system cost BDMt-1 basis. Under a base scenario, the self-steering system had a lower cost ($60.01 BDMt-1) than the hook-lift truck application ($101.27 BDMt-1) with a total system cost, including mobilization, piling, support equipment, and profit and risk. Assuming a 13.72 m (45 ft) standard trailer could reach a percentage of the harvest units, the hook-lift/standard trailer combination system was still not competitive with the self-steering trailer under the base case scenario until the percent allocation for the hook-lift trucks was reduced to 13%. After altering the base case scenario to favor the hook-lift application, the self-steering system was still more cost-effective until the allocation for hook-lift trucks was reduced to 21%.

ACS Style

Bryent Daugherty; John Sessions; Rene Zamora-Cristales; Michael G Wing. Improving Large Trailer Access for Biomass Recovery in Steep Terrain. Forest Science 2018, 64, 429 -441.

AMA Style

Bryent Daugherty, John Sessions, Rene Zamora-Cristales, Michael G Wing. Improving Large Trailer Access for Biomass Recovery in Steep Terrain. Forest Science. 2018; 64 (4):429-441.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bryent Daugherty; John Sessions; Rene Zamora-Cristales; Michael G Wing. 2018. "Improving Large Trailer Access for Biomass Recovery in Steep Terrain." Forest Science 64, no. 4: 429-441.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2017 in Canadian Journal of Forest Research
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The need for improving the cost effectiveness of forest harvest residue utilization for bioenergy production has been widely recognized. A number of studies show that reducing residue moisture content presents advantages for transportation and energy content. However, previous research has not focused on the relative advantages of in-forest drying depending on the residue characteristics from different logging systems, comminution, and equipment mobilization. Residue drying curves were developed using finite element analysis for two primary Pacific Northwest logging systems. These curves were applied to a case study in Oregon in which mixed integer mathematical programming was used to optimize residue delivery to a hypothetical co-generation plant with a generating capacity of 6 megawatt-hours (MWh). Assuming that rear-steered trailers can access cable logging units, approximately 98% of the harvest residue generated by cable logging was delivered to the plant, compared with only 56% of residue generated with a ground-based system, mainly because collection costs incurred with ground-based system residues exceed cost benefits of drier material. By considering the energy content of drier residues, the amount of oven-dried metric tonnes (ODMT) needed to supply the plant can be reduced by 16% without affecting the energy output over a 24-month planning horizon. Lower ODMT demand and shifting to drier material decreases the overall production cost by 20.4%.

ACS Style

Francisca Belart; John Sessions; Ben Leshchinsky; Glen Murphy. Economic implications of moisture content and logging system in forest harvest residue delivery for energy production: a case study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2017, 47, 458 -466.

AMA Style

Francisca Belart, John Sessions, Ben Leshchinsky, Glen Murphy. Economic implications of moisture content and logging system in forest harvest residue delivery for energy production: a case study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2017; 47 (4):458-466.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisca Belart; John Sessions; Ben Leshchinsky; Glen Murphy. 2017. "Economic implications of moisture content and logging system in forest harvest residue delivery for energy production: a case study." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 4: 458-466.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2017 in Journal of Forestry
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This study investigates the environmental burdens of three logistics system scenarios for residue processing and transportation under different road type distributions using life cycle assessment (LCA). The three scenarios are as follows: bin truck with stationary grinder at centralizedlanding (base case); bundler with electric grinder; and mobile chipper at slash piles. The total distance between the forest site and the bioenergy facility is set at 50 miles one way. The functional unit is 1 bone-dry ton (BDT) of residues transported from the forest site to the bioenergyfacility. Results indicate that the mobile chipper system posts the lowest global warming impact under all types of road distributions (38.2‐41.4 kg CO2 eq [84.2‐91.3 lb CO2 eq]), whereas the base case shows the most rapid reduction in global warming impactas highway distance increases (43.8‐56.9 kg CO2 eq [96.6‐125.4 lb CO2 eq]). Potential impacts from acidification, eutrophication, and smog indicate reduction as highway distance increases. Along these LCA metrics, road conditions play an important role indetermining the most efficient residue collection system. As the residue piles are located further from paved highway, the bundler and the mobile chipper systems present greater environmental advantages.Management and Policy Implications Uncertainty in the role of bioenergy foroffsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has prevented wide adoption of bioenergy in the United States. Because of variations in forest site conditions across the country, understanding the environmental impacts of the logistics of forest residue transportation is an important step in maximizingthe benefits and use potential of bioenergy. Currently, few studies provide a basis for enhancing management techniques during the processing of forest residues. The actual impact of the logistic scenarios described in this study depend on forest sites, because the location of slash pilesmay vary based on the geographic features of forest sites and logging activities. Road distances and conditions are taken into account, so forest owners/managers and policymakers would have the option of choosing the best system scenarios based on the distribution of slash piles and the roadconditions of particular forest sites. The findings of this study clearly show that the environmental impact associated with the System 1 in-woods residue handling and processing decreases when the proportion of paved highway increases. The location of residual biomass in terms of the existingroad conditions would justify the need for an alternate in-woods biomass processing system, such as System 2 or 3. The findings of this study may be applied to a variety of privately or publicly owned forestlands and can apply to a wide audience, including forest managers, logging companies,researchers, and alternative energy production companies. More importantly, this research can be used as a valuable reference for policymakers to improve the requirements and guidelines for managing forest slash piles and in-forest road developments.

ACS Style

Cindy X. Chen; Francesca Pierobon; Rene Zamora-Cristales; Indroneil Ganguly; John Sessions; Ivan Eastin. Modeling the Processing and Transportation Logistics of Forest Residues Using Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Forestry 2017, 115, 86 -94.

AMA Style

Cindy X. Chen, Francesca Pierobon, Rene Zamora-Cristales, Indroneil Ganguly, John Sessions, Ivan Eastin. Modeling the Processing and Transportation Logistics of Forest Residues Using Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Forestry. 2017; 115 (2):86-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cindy X. Chen; Francesca Pierobon; Rene Zamora-Cristales; Indroneil Ganguly; John Sessions; Ivan Eastin. 2017. "Modeling the Processing and Transportation Logistics of Forest Residues Using Life Cycle Assessment." Journal of Forestry 115, no. 2: 86-94.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2016 in Tropical Forestry Handbook
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Unlike roads used by the general public, forest roads serve a limited purpose. Their specialized function stems from three characteristics: low traffic volume, traffic mostly in one direction, and traffic of long and heavy trucks. Each road or section of roads is not subjected to the same amount of traffic. The characteristics of each section of road depend on its function in the road system. At its extreme points, the forest road is an extension of the harvesting system. Road builders concerned about constructing roads as economically as possible must find a solution between the natural conditions of the area and the actual needs of the expected traffic. A number of relatively inexpensive actions taken during planning, construction, and maintenance, if done in a consistent and disciplined manner, will protect the quality of the tropical forest environment.

ACS Style

John Sessions; Rudolf Heinrich; Héctor Castaneda-Langlois. Forest Road Engineering. Tropical Forestry Handbook 2016, 2301 -2362.

AMA Style

John Sessions, Rudolf Heinrich, Héctor Castaneda-Langlois. Forest Road Engineering. Tropical Forestry Handbook. 2016; ():2301-2362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Sessions; Rudolf Heinrich; Héctor Castaneda-Langlois. 2016. "Forest Road Engineering." Tropical Forestry Handbook , no. : 2301-2362.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2015 in Forest Science
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ACS Style

Matamyo Simwanda; John Sessions; Kevin Boston; Michael G. Wing. Modeling Biomass Transport on Single-Lane Forest Roads. Forest Science 2015, 61, 763 -773.

AMA Style

Matamyo Simwanda, John Sessions, Kevin Boston, Michael G. Wing. Modeling Biomass Transport on Single-Lane Forest Roads. Forest Science. 2015; 61 (4):763-773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matamyo Simwanda; John Sessions; Kevin Boston; Michael G. Wing. 2015. "Modeling Biomass Transport on Single-Lane Forest Roads." Forest Science 61, no. 4: 763-773.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2015 in Forest Plans of North America
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ACS Style

Mark S. Andre; Steve Andringa; Mark S. Ashton; Jeff Barkley; Alex L. Barrett; Greg Bentley; Pete Bettinger; Bud Bigelow; Gerardo Bocco; Jason Bodine; Kevin Bollefer; Kevin Boston; Javier L. Bretado-Velázquez; Angus Brodie; Cam Brown; Paul Casey; Juan Manuel Cassian-Santos; Cathy Chauvin; Chris Cieszewski; J. Javier Corral-Rivas; Alex Cousins; Kristofer Covey; Kevin Crowe; Tamara L. Cushing; Scott Danskin; Barry Davidson; Adam Davis; Liane Davis; Brian Davis; Héctor M. De Los Santos-Posadas; Mehmet Demirci; Duane Dippon; Ian Drew; Marlyse C. Duguid; Helge Eng; Robert A. Ewing; Peter Farrell; Sean Flint; David Foster; Patrick Frost; Felipe Aguilar Gómez; Donald L. Grebner; Oliver Grimm; Anne Hairston-Strang; Jim Hawkins; Kirsten Held; J. Ciro Hernández-Díaz; Chris Hoffman; William Hunter; Bob Izlar; Gary W. Johnson; Kenneth Jolly; Steven W. Kallesser; Scott Kelly; Robert Keron; Anna M. Klepacka; Dave Knight; Steven Koehn; Tom Kollasch; Jeremy Koslowski; Venkatesh Kumar; Thomas Lapointe; Kerry Livengood; Héctor M. Loera-Gallegos; Adolfo Chavez Lopez; Pat Mackasey; Gretchen Marshall; Norris Mattox; Erika Mavity; Heather McPherson; John Paul McTague; Krista Merry; Jose Carlos Monarrez-Gonzalez; Eusebio Montiel-Antuna; Scott Mueller; Ian Munn; Robert Nall; Michael Newton; Abu Nurullah; John O’Keefe; Colleen O’Sullivan; Michael J. Oppenheimer; Aaron Palmer; Gustavo Perez-Verdin; Markian Petruncio; Audrey Barker Plotkin; Dotty S. Porter; Kip Powers; Dan Rees; Don Reimer; Russ Richardson; Dick Rightmyer; John Ross; Dan Rouillard; Gary Rynearson; Carlos Antonio López Sánchez; James Savage; Joseph Schwantes; John Sessions; Jane Severt; Edward W. Shepard; Jacek P. Siry; Kyle M. Smith; Jeremy Solin; José Encarnación Luján Soto; Randy Spyksma; Larry Stevens; Ron Stevens; Thomas J. Straka; Sarah Sullivan; Jon Swae; Alejandro Torres; Juan Manuel Torres-Rojo; Yenie Tran; J. René Valdez-Lazalde; Laird Van Damme; Alejandro Velázquez; Klaus Von Gadow; Robin G. Willhoite; Del Williams; William C. Wright. Contributors. Forest Plans of North America 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Mark S. Andre, Steve Andringa, Mark S. Ashton, Jeff Barkley, Alex L. Barrett, Greg Bentley, Pete Bettinger, Bud Bigelow, Gerardo Bocco, Jason Bodine, Kevin Bollefer, Kevin Boston, Javier L. Bretado-Velázquez, Angus Brodie, Cam Brown, Paul Casey, Juan Manuel Cassian-Santos, Cathy Chauvin, Chris Cieszewski, J. Javier Corral-Rivas, Alex Cousins, Kristofer Covey, Kevin Crowe, Tamara L. Cushing, Scott Danskin, Barry Davidson, Adam Davis, Liane Davis, Brian Davis, Héctor M. De Los Santos-Posadas, Mehmet Demirci, Duane Dippon, Ian Drew, Marlyse C. Duguid, Helge Eng, Robert A. Ewing, Peter Farrell, Sean Flint, David Foster, Patrick Frost, Felipe Aguilar Gómez, Donald L. Grebner, Oliver Grimm, Anne Hairston-Strang, Jim Hawkins, Kirsten Held, J. Ciro Hernández-Díaz, Chris Hoffman, William Hunter, Bob Izlar, Gary W. Johnson, Kenneth Jolly, Steven W. Kallesser, Scott Kelly, Robert Keron, Anna M. Klepacka, Dave Knight, Steven Koehn, Tom Kollasch, Jeremy Koslowski, Venkatesh Kumar, Thomas Lapointe, Kerry Livengood, Héctor M. Loera-Gallegos, Adolfo Chavez Lopez, Pat Mackasey, Gretchen Marshall, Norris Mattox, Erika Mavity, Heather McPherson, John Paul McTague, Krista Merry, Jose Carlos Monarrez-Gonzalez, Eusebio Montiel-Antuna, Scott Mueller, Ian Munn, Robert Nall, Michael Newton, Abu Nurullah, John O’Keefe, Colleen O’Sullivan, Michael J. Oppenheimer, Aaron Palmer, Gustavo Perez-Verdin, Markian Petruncio, Audrey Barker Plotkin, Dotty S. Porter, Kip Powers, Dan Rees, Don Reimer, Russ Richardson, Dick Rightmyer, John Ross, Dan Rouillard, Gary Rynearson, Carlos Antonio López Sánchez, James Savage, Joseph Schwantes, John Sessions, Jane Severt, Edward W. Shepard, Jacek P. Siry, Kyle M. Smith, Jeremy Solin, José Encarnación Luján Soto, Randy Spyksma, Larry Stevens, Ron Stevens, Thomas J. Straka, Sarah Sullivan, Jon Swae, Alejandro Torres, Juan Manuel Torres-Rojo, Yenie Tran, J. René Valdez-Lazalde, Laird Van Damme, Alejandro Velázquez, Klaus Von Gadow, Robin G. Willhoite, Del Williams, William C. Wright. Contributors. Forest Plans of North America. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark S. Andre; Steve Andringa; Mark S. Ashton; Jeff Barkley; Alex L. Barrett; Greg Bentley; Pete Bettinger; Bud Bigelow; Gerardo Bocco; Jason Bodine; Kevin Bollefer; Kevin Boston; Javier L. Bretado-Velázquez; Angus Brodie; Cam Brown; Paul Casey; Juan Manuel Cassian-Santos; Cathy Chauvin; Chris Cieszewski; J. Javier Corral-Rivas; Alex Cousins; Kristofer Covey; Kevin Crowe; Tamara L. Cushing; Scott Danskin; Barry Davidson; Adam Davis; Liane Davis; Brian Davis; Héctor M. De Los Santos-Posadas; Mehmet Demirci; Duane Dippon; Ian Drew; Marlyse C. Duguid; Helge Eng; Robert A. Ewing; Peter Farrell; Sean Flint; David Foster; Patrick Frost; Felipe Aguilar Gómez; Donald L. Grebner; Oliver Grimm; Anne Hairston-Strang; Jim Hawkins; Kirsten Held; J. Ciro Hernández-Díaz; Chris Hoffman; William Hunter; Bob Izlar; Gary W. Johnson; Kenneth Jolly; Steven W. Kallesser; Scott Kelly; Robert Keron; Anna M. Klepacka; Dave Knight; Steven Koehn; Tom Kollasch; Jeremy Koslowski; Venkatesh Kumar; Thomas Lapointe; Kerry Livengood; Héctor M. Loera-Gallegos; Adolfo Chavez Lopez; Pat Mackasey; Gretchen Marshall; Norris Mattox; Erika Mavity; Heather McPherson; John Paul McTague; Krista Merry; Jose Carlos Monarrez-Gonzalez; Eusebio Montiel-Antuna; Scott Mueller; Ian Munn; Robert Nall; Michael Newton; Abu Nurullah; John O’Keefe; Colleen O’Sullivan; Michael J. Oppenheimer; Aaron Palmer; Gustavo Perez-Verdin; Markian Petruncio; Audrey Barker Plotkin; Dotty S. Porter; Kip Powers; Dan Rees; Don Reimer; Russ Richardson; Dick Rightmyer; John Ross; Dan Rouillard; Gary Rynearson; Carlos Antonio López Sánchez; James Savage; Joseph Schwantes; John Sessions; Jane Severt; Edward W. Shepard; Jacek P. Siry; Kyle M. Smith; Jeremy Solin; José Encarnación Luján Soto; Randy Spyksma; Larry Stevens; Ron Stevens; Thomas J. Straka; Sarah Sullivan; Jon Swae; Alejandro Torres; Juan Manuel Torres-Rojo; Yenie Tran; J. René Valdez-Lazalde; Laird Van Damme; Alejandro Velázquez; Klaus Von Gadow; Robin G. Willhoite; Del Williams; William C. Wright. 2015. "Contributors." Forest Plans of North America , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 24 December 2014 in Tropical Forestry Handbook
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Unlike roads used by the general public, forest roads serve a limited purpose. Their specialized function stems from three characteristics: low traffic volume, traffic mostly in one direction, and traffic of long and heavy trucks. Each road or section of roads is not subjected to the same amount of traffic. The characteristics of each section of road depend on its function in the road system. At its extreme points, the forest road is an extension of the harvesting system. Road builders concerned about constructing roads as economically as possible must find a solution between the natural conditions of the area and the actual needs of the expected traffic. A number of relatively inexpensive actions taken during planning, construction, and maintenance, if done in a consistent and disciplined manner, will protect the quality of the tropical forest environment.

ACS Style

J. Sessions; R. Heinrich; H. Castaneda-Langlois. Forest Road Engineering. Tropical Forestry Handbook 2014, 1 -50.

AMA Style

J. Sessions, R. Heinrich, H. Castaneda-Langlois. Forest Road Engineering. Tropical Forestry Handbook. 2014; ():1-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Sessions; R. Heinrich; H. Castaneda-Langlois. 2014. "Forest Road Engineering." Tropical Forestry Handbook , no. : 1-50.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2014 in The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
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ACS Style

Abdullah Emin Akay; Michael Gilbert Wing; John Sessions. Estimating sediment reduction cost for low-volume forest roads using a lidar-derived high-resolution dem. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 2014, 9, 52 -57.

AMA Style

Abdullah Emin Akay, Michael Gilbert Wing, John Sessions. Estimating sediment reduction cost for low-volume forest roads using a lidar-derived high-resolution dem. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering. 2014; 9 (1):52-57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdullah Emin Akay; Michael Gilbert Wing; John Sessions. 2014. "Estimating sediment reduction cost for low-volume forest roads using a lidar-derived high-resolution dem." The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 9, no. 1: 52-57.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications
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ACS Style

M.G. Wing; Jonathan D. Burnett; J. Sessions. Remote Sensing and Unmanned Aerial System Technology for Monitoring and Quantifying Forest Fire Impacts. International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications 2014, 4, 18 .

AMA Style

M.G. Wing, Jonathan D. Burnett, J. Sessions. Remote Sensing and Unmanned Aerial System Technology for Monitoring and Quantifying Forest Fire Impacts. International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications. 2014; 4 (1):18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.G. Wing; Jonathan D. Burnett; J. Sessions. 2014. "Remote Sensing and Unmanned Aerial System Technology for Monitoring and Quantifying Forest Fire Impacts." International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications 4, no. 1: 18.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2013 in Journal of Forestry
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Remote sensing has been an integral and growing technology for managing natural resources. One of the chief impediments to land managers has been the relatively high cost that is associated with high-resolution imagery acquired by aircraft and satellites. Legislation and other new developments in the United States will substantially increase the use of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) as remote sensing platforms. There are also recent technological developments that have made platforms and sensors available at more reasonable prices. These changes will probably reduce the cost of high-resolution imagery and promote remote sensing applications for natural resource management. We describe current developments in the operation and potential technology of UASs within the United States, present a recent UAS flight in which real-time video imagery of a forested area was captured, and discuss the potential for future UAS applications.

ACS Style

Michael G. Wing; Jonathan Burnett; John Sessions; Josh Brungardt; Vic Cordell; Dave Dobler; David Wilson. Eyes in the Sky: Remote Sensing Technology Development Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Journal of Forestry 2013, 111, 341 -347.

AMA Style

Michael G. Wing, Jonathan Burnett, John Sessions, Josh Brungardt, Vic Cordell, Dave Dobler, David Wilson. Eyes in the Sky: Remote Sensing Technology Development Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Journal of Forestry. 2013; 111 (5):341-347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael G. Wing; Jonathan Burnett; John Sessions; Josh Brungardt; Vic Cordell; Dave Dobler; David Wilson. 2013. "Eyes in the Sky: Remote Sensing Technology Development Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Journal of Forestry 111, no. 5: 341-347.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2013 in Forest Products Journal
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ACS Style

Rene Zamora-Cristales; John Sessions; Glen Murphy; Kevin Boston. Economic Impact of Truck–Machine Interference in Forest Biomass Recovery Operations on Steep Terrain. Forest Products Journal 2013, 63, 162 -173.

AMA Style

Rene Zamora-Cristales, John Sessions, Glen Murphy, Kevin Boston. Economic Impact of Truck–Machine Interference in Forest Biomass Recovery Operations on Steep Terrain. Forest Products Journal. 2013; 63 (5):162-173.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rene Zamora-Cristales; John Sessions; Glen Murphy; Kevin Boston. 2013. "Economic Impact of Truck–Machine Interference in Forest Biomass Recovery Operations on Steep Terrain." Forest Products Journal 63, no. 5: 162-173.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Silva Fennica
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ACS Style

Rene Zamora-Cristales; Kevin Boston; John Sessions; Glen Murphy. Stochastic simulation and optimization of mobile chipping economics in processing and transport of forest biomass from residues. Silva Fennica 2013, 47, 1 .

AMA Style

Rene Zamora-Cristales, Kevin Boston, John Sessions, Glen Murphy. Stochastic simulation and optimization of mobile chipping economics in processing and transport of forest biomass from residues. Silva Fennica. 2013; 47 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rene Zamora-Cristales; Kevin Boston; John Sessions; Glen Murphy. 2013. "Stochastic simulation and optimization of mobile chipping economics in processing and transport of forest biomass from residues." Silva Fennica 47, no. 5: 1.