The pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is complex and involves the dysregulation of immune cells, such as T and B lymphocytes, and several cytokines that promote the production of autoantibodies. In the context of cancer patients, ITP can occur in both primary and secondary forms related to anticancer therapies or the disease itself. Objective: In light of these data, we decided to prepare a literature review that will explain the classification and immunological determinants of the pathogenesis of ITP and present the clinical implications of this condition, especially in patients with cancer. Materials and methods: We reviewed the literature on immunological mechanisms, therapies, and challenges in treating ITP, particularly on cancer patients. Results: The results of the literature review show that ITP in cancer patients can be both primary and secondary, with secondary ITP being more often associated with anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Innovative therapies such as TPO-RA, rituximab, Bruton’s kinase inhibitors, and FcRn receptor inhibitors have shown promising results in treating refractory ITP, especially in patients with chronic disease. Conclusions: ITP is a significant clinical challenge, especially in the context of oncology patients, where both the disease and treatment can worsen thrombocytopenia and increase the risk of bleeding complications. Treatment of oncology patients with ITP requires an individualized approach, and new therapies offer effective tools for managing this condition. Future research into immunological mechanisms may bring further advances in treating ITP and improve outcomes in cancer patients.

Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a vital role in the innate immune response, recognizing pathogens and initiating the inflammatory response. Research suggests that TLRs may also have a significant impact on the development and progression of cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). Understanding the role of individual TLRs in the immunopathogenesis of gastric cancer may provide new information necessary to develop more effective diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Aim of the study: This study aimed to determine the role of selected TLR-2, -3, -4, and -9 in the immunopathogenesis of patients with newly diagnosed and untreated gastric cancer. Materials and methods: The study included 60 newly diagnosed, untreated GC patients and 25 healthy volunteers. The research included analyses assessing the percentage of the tested TLRs on T and B lymphocyte subpopulations using multicolor flow cytometry and assessing their concentration in the serum of the examined patients using ELISA tests. The statistical analyses performed included a comparison of patients in individual stages of gastric cancer, an analysis of the most common clinical subtypes of gastric cancer, and a comparative analysis of differences in the gender of recruited patients. Results: Our studies showed different expression levels of TLR-2, -3, -4, and -9 on T and B lymphocyte subpopulations, as well as their different concentrations in patients’ serum. Significant differences in the expression of these receptors were observed depending on the stage of gastric cancer and its clinical subtypes. These differences were also visible in the context of patient gender. Summary: The results of our studies suggest that TLR-2, -3, -4, and -9 may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of gastric cancer. The differential expression of these receptors depending on the stage of the disease, clinical subtype, and gender of patients may have potential diagnostic and therapeutic significance. Further research is necessary to understand better the mechanisms of action of TLRs in gastric cancer and to apply this knowledge in clinical practice.

(1) Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key in immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In gastric cancer (GC), TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 are crucial for modulating immune response and tumor progression. (2) Objective: This study aimed to assess the percentage of dendritic cells and monocytes expressing TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9, along with the concentration of their soluble forms in the serum of GC patients compared to healthy volunteers. Factors such as disease stage, tumor type, age, and gender were also analyzed. (3) Materials and Methods: Blood samples from newly diagnosed GC patients and healthy controls were immunophenotyped using flow cytometry to assess TLR expression on dendritic cell subpopulations and monocytes. Serum-soluble TLRs were measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis considered clinical variables such as tumor type, stage, age, and gender. (4) Results: TLR expression was significantly higher in GC patients, except for TLR3 on classical monocytes. Soluble forms of all TLRs were elevated in GC patients, with significant differences based on disease stage but not tumor type, except for serum TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. (5) Conclusions: Elevated TLR expression and soluble TLR levels in GC patients suggest a role in tumor pathogenesis and progression, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the assessment of the percentage of NK and NKT-like cells expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, and TLR-9) in patients with gastric cancer (GC) compared with healthy volunteers (HV) and to investigate differences according to cancer subtype. We also assessed TLR gene expression by RT-qPCR to assess whether TLRs could be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Methods: The study included 86 patients with histologically confirmed gastric cancer and 30 healthy volunteers. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the participants, and TLR expression on NK and NKT-like cells was assessed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. The expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 genes was assessed using genetic material derived from NK and NKT-like cells sourced from PBMC. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests, and the predictive ability of variables was assessed using ROC curve analysis. Results: A significantly higher expression of TLR receptors (TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, and TLR-9) was found in patients with gastric cancer compared to healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). TLR expression also differed depending on the cancer subtype, and higher expression was observed in more advanced GC subtypes. RT-qPCR analysis showed significantly increased expression of TLR genes in the group of GC patients. ROC curves indicate a high ability of TLRs to differentiate between GC patients and healthy individuals. Conclusions: The expression of TLRs on NK and NKT-like cells is clearly increased in patients with gastric cancer, especially in more advanced subtypes of the tumor. The results suggest that TLRs could potentially be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and represent potential targets for immune therapies in GC. However, further studies are needed to determine the functional role of TLRs in disease progression and the possibility of their use in personalized treatment.

Background: Children make up a large percentage of those affected by burns worldwide, with most of them suffering from severe injuries that necessitate skilled medical attention. Despite medical progress, there is still no ideal dressing for the treatment of burn wounds in children. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of epidermal substitutes in the treatment of burn wounds in children. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluates the use of three dressings in the treatment of pediatric burns at a major Polish burn center. A patient database was used to identify children who received treatment with silver dressings, paraffin dressings or epidermal substitutes from 2009 to 2023. A demographic analysis was performed to collect the following information: causes of burns, procedural details and patient outcomes. Results: There were 439 patients aged between 1 month and 18 years. For severe burns, the number of interventions was lowest among children with epidermal substitute application (p = 0.039). Paraffin gauze resulted in the greatest number of skin grafts, whereas alloplastic replacement produced the least amount of transplantation (p < 0.005) regardless of the severity of the burn. Conclusions: Epidermal substitutes offer a good dressing option for burn wounds to improve their treatment and reduce the need for skin graft coverage. In the future, extended comparative or randomized trials are needed to confirm our results.

Background: Burns in children represent a significant public health issue, as there is no single targeted dressing for the treatment of burn wounds in children. The alloplastic epidermal skin substitute is the dressing of choice for treating burns in children in our burn center. However, it sometimes occurs that the dressing separates from the wound too early, before the process of full re-epithelialization. The inflammatory phase of wound healing seems to be crucial for maintaining the adhesion of the dressing, and thus, changes in parameters such as leukocyte levels and protein changes are of clinical significance. The aim of our study is to find laboratory factors that could contribute to premature dressing separation. Methods: The documentation of 182 children treated for acute burns at a major Polish burn center in the years 2009–2023 was analyzed. A demographic analysis was performed to collect information. The group was split into the following two categories based on the condition of the dressing: “attached to the wound” and “detached from the wound”. Laboratory tests were collected on admission and with control tests 3–5 days after injury. Results: The results indicate that only a few of the parameters studied showed a statistically significant difference between the groups of patients in whom the dressing did or did not attach. The most pronounced relationship was found for the pre-treatment leukocyte level (leuk1). Statistical significance was also demonstrated for hemoglobin levels and changes in protein (protein_diff) and also glucose levels (glucose_diff). Conclusions: Our study shows that there are blood parameters (leukocyte, protein, and glucose levels) that influence the adhesion of the dressing. Unfortunately, there are no other studies on this topic in the literature, so it seems very important to expand research in this direction.