A strong economic foundation can be achieved by the growth of a number of businesses, including food, paper, clothes, leather, and textiles. However, because of improper waste management, industrialization and modernization have resulted in the massive disposal of water effluent laden with harmful substances like dyes and heavy metals, which has negatively impacted the ecosystem. A new green technology called myco-remediation has emerged to battle harmful toxins while promoting sustainable development effectively and economically. This review employed enzymatic degradation, biosorption, and their influencing parameters for optimization in order to highlight the invaluable potential of fungal bioremediation for dye degradation. Current perspectives on enzyme immobilization techniques and kinetic studies of dye removal have been reviewed, which can aid in the selection of quick and effective removal processes. This research offers new insight into a criterion that is often overlooked in favor of dye decolorization efficiency: the toxicity assessment of pure dye and post-process metabolites produced following myco-remediation. Our attention has been directed towards toxicity analysis at many levels, including genotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and zoo-toxicity. This is important to keep in mind when considering the extensive implications of myco-remediation for the recycling and reuse of industrial effluent. Enzyme engineering and omics technologies have been highlighted as potential future developments.

Fracture of the penis is an uncommon injury presenting to the emergency department (ED). Personal embarrassment and social scenarios associated with this condition may result in underreporting. Patients often delay seeking medical attention, and even when they do, as in our case report, they may withhold the condition for a significant time. ED physicians need to be aware of the social inhibitions and the need for early diagnosis and prompt treatment. A delay in treatment increases the risk of complications such as ischemia, necrosis and penile deformity.

Synthetic dyes are extensively used in various industries like textile and food industry and are responsible for generation of colored and toxic wastewater. The aim of study was to evaluate decolorization efficiency of White Rot Fungi P.ostreatus (strain BWPH) for dyes belonging to different classes: Anthanthrone Red (anthraquinone dye) and Disazo Red (azo dye) having concentration of 0.08g/l. The Daphnia magna immobilization test was performed to check zoo toxicity of samples during and after treatment. The result show that maximum decolorization efficiency achieved for Anthanthrone Red and Disazo Red dye after 168h was 94.31% and 73.13% respectively. The zoo toxicity test reflects that the pure dyes were much less toxic to D.magna at higher concentration. In contrast, the post process samples were more toxic to organism. It reflected production of toxic metabolites because of enzymatic degradation/biotransformation of dye. For anthraquinone dye, post process sample of 0.25 h was less toxic as compared to 168 h sample. Toxicity Unit was 23.52(class IV), and 2.61(class III) respectively for Anthanthrone Red and Disazo Red post process sample. The conducted research showed high potential of BWPH strain for decolorization dyes belonging to different classes. But the mycelium produces toxic substances during the decolorization process. It may be related to the biodegradation of these substances to toxic metabolites. Further studies have indicated to optimize the process of decolorization.

The discharge of synthetic dyes from industries poses severe environmental challenges, necessitating eco-friendly remediation strategies. This study investigated the biosorption of triarylmethane dyes Crystal Violet (CV), and Brilliant Green (BG) using self-immobilized and sponge-immobilized biosorbents of Trametes versicolor (strain CB8, CB8/S2) and Pleurotus ostreatus (strain BWPH, BWPH/S2). Tests were conducted with live and autoclaved biomass under varying conditions of dye concentration (100–400 mg/L), temperature (15–55 °C), and pH (2–10). Sponge-immobilized live biomass (CB8/S2 and BWPH/S2) showed superior performance, removing up to 90.3% and 81.7% of BG and 43.9% and 39.3% of CV, respectively, within 6 h, demonstrating 3–5 times higher efficiency than self-immobilized biomass for both dyes. Maximum sorption of 379.4 mg/g of BG and 48.9 mg/g of CV was achieved by CB8/S2 at 400 mg/L. Principal Component Analysis biplot confirmed immobilization efficacy, where Dim1 (85.9–91.8% variance) dominated dye concentration and contact time. The optimized conditions for BG removal by CB8/S2 was 20.85–32.17 °C and pH 3.4–6, and for CV, at pH 6.5–7.5 and 30 °C. The percentage of dye sorption data fitted well with the quadratic model (p < 0.05). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis indicated that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions facilitated dye binding onto fungal mycelium. Notably, sponge-immobilized biosorbents were reusable without additional treatment. The findings support fungal biomass immobilization as a viable strategy to augment the bioremediation potential in treating dye-laden wastewater.