CROPOS, as the Croatian GNSS network, was modernized and upgraded to support the Galileo system in 2019. Two of CROPOS’s services—VPPS (Network RTK service) and GPPS (post-processing service)—were assessed for the contribution of the Galileo system to their performance. A station used for field testing was previously examined and surveyed to determine the local horizon and to carry out a detailed mission planning. The whole day of observation was divided into several sessions, each with a different visibility of Galileo satellites. A special observation sequence was designed: VPPS (GPS-GLO-GAL), VPPS (GAL-only), and GPPS (GPS-GLO-GAL-BDS). All observations were taken on the same station with the same GNSS receiver, Trimble R12. Each static observation session was post-processed in Trimble Business Center (TBC) in two different ways: considering all available systems (GGGB) and considering GAL-only observations. A daily static solution based on all systems (GGGB) was considered as the reference for the accuracy assessment of all obtained solutions. The results obtained with VPPS (GPS-GLO-GAL) and VPPS (GAL-only) were analyzed and assessed; the results obtained with GAL-only have shown a slightly higher scatter. It was concluded that the inclusion of the Galileo system in CROPOS has contributed to the availability and reliability of solutions but not to their accuracy. By complying with the observation rules and taking redundant measurements, the accuracy of GAL-only results can be improved.

Railway transportation systems have high accuracy and high integrity demands for safe localization. In the future, railway signaling is expected to rely on onboard sensors like Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) in order to reduce installation and maintenance costs. GNSS position determination can, however, be highly degraded because of the presence of multipath on the train and railway environment. This paper tackles the characterization of multipath in code measurements caused exclusively by the antenna installation and derives a conservative error model of the antenna-installation-induced multipath and noise. First, we isolate multipath and noise from other GNSS errors using the Code-Minus-Carrier method. Second, an overbounding error model is derived. The limitation of modeling with restricted set of real data typically found in practice is discussed and we review methods that ensure the independence of samples. A new approach that creates separate data sets is ultimately proposed to derive an overbounding sigma. The presented methodology is supported by real measurements collected in an open-sky railway scenario. The derived models can be used as a reference nominal error models to build the null hypothesis of fault detection algorithms that detects the presence of excessive multipath in dynamic scenarios or as a part of a total error budget consideration.