Cloud computing services consumers do not have enough reliable information about critical characteristics of their providers, such as performance, security, trust and privacy, compliance with laws and regulations, among others. Our proposal addresses these problems presenting a trust assessment framework that integrates three domains: Governance, Transparency, and Security Information. Our approach is consumer-centric and deals with trust aspects from the end-user's perspective. We use Indicators to communicate the outcomes, which aim to represent the expression of cybersecurity, manageability, and transparency of services under assessment. This paper includes an implementation proposal, prototype, and proof of concept, in which the framework was applied in a real scenario and executed over a long-term (18 months) usage simulation to verify its applicability, sensitivity, and robustness. Our study is intended for use by consumers of cloud computing who seek to know and measure levels of cybersecurity, protection of privacy, transparency of security, and high levels of quality in their services and infrastructure.

This article explores the concept of PhD by Previously Published Works (PPW) and proposes the unification of the 42 different terms currently used to describe this doctoral pathway. It also provides a very comprehensive dataset on PPW regulations. The study compares three distinct models of PPW and examines the feasibility of adopting this modality in Brazil. The research investigates the recognition of high-performance self-taught researchers by considering recent advancements in European postgraduate systems, with a focus on the United Kingdom, Norway, Ireland, and France. Two main questions are addressed: (1) whether PPW represents a viable alternative to traditional doctoral programs and (2) how this modality is implemented in the analyzed countries. The study argues that rigid and bureaucratic educational structures often limit creativity and innovation, highlighting the need for more flexible approaches in postgraduate programs. Academic environments that promote diverse thinking and encourage experimentation are better positioned to nurture excellence and creative potential. The results show that countries such as the United Kingdom, Norway, Ireland, and France have adapted their educational systems to balance quality and creativity, offering valuable insights for potential improvements in the Brazilian academic landscape. The conclusion emphasizes that PPW should not be seen as a shortcut, but rather as a rigorous alternative that recognizes the significant contributions of researchers who may not have followed traditional academic paths. Implementing PPW in Brazil could enhance the national academic environment by valuing the substantial work of experienced professionals and fostering a culture of innovation and excellence in research.

The reasons that led to the end of the Soviet Union are felt in the EU. The old continent is no longer a major player on the world stage. This article explores Europe’s real and imagined adversaries and provides a historical context for its relations with Russia, the US and China. This may be the EU’s last chance to grow. Leaving NATO, building up its security forces, rebuilding its industry and reviewing its internal and external strategic alliances could prevent or at least postpone the collapse of the EU and the internal wars that will follow. This will come at he cost of European living standards, but if there is one thing that Europeans have always agreed on, it is to spill their blood. By examining the history, this article proposes a new approach to relations between the EU and the big players.