Tile industry wastewater is known to contain a high concentration of TSS and turbidity resulting from various raw materials. In the present study, the effectiveness of the coagulation process on turbidity and TSS removal from Kuwait ceramic tile industry wastewater was investigated using ferric chloride as a coagulant. The experiments were conducted using jar tests to determine the optimum operating conditions of coagulant dosages, pH, and settling time. It was found that the coagulant dosage and medium pH greatly affect the efficiency of the coagulation process. A gradual increase in coagulant dosage from 10 to 50 mg/L increased the efficiency of turbidity removal from 95.6% to 99.5%. The efficiency of the coagulation process was also found to be dependent on pH values, where higher pH improved the efficiency of turbidity removal. It was found that a medium pH of 10, 1 h settling time, and 50 mg/L of coagulant dosage are the optimum process conditions to achieve almost complete removal of turbidity (99.5%) and TSS (99.8%). This study concluded that coagulation might be useful as a primary wastewater treatment process for tile industry wastewater.

Novel Zn(II) ion-selective graphite electrode is fabricated by using the Schiff-base phenol pro-ligand ionophore (I₁) with the composition:I₁ (10 mg):KTpClPB (2.0 mg):o-NPOE (50):PVC (38 mg). The potentiometric performances are studied over different parameters such as the addition of plasticizers and anion excluders. Its broad working concentration range (1.4 × 10^–8 to 1 × 10^–1 mol L^–1, low detection limit (8.1 × 10^–9 mol L^–1 and wide pH range of 3.0 to 9.0 makes it an excellent Zn(II) selective electrode for analytical determination as sensor.