The risk of socio-economic vulnerability depends not only on the risk of climate hazards occurring but also on society’s vulnerability to such hazards, coping capacity, and adaptive capacity. The World Risk Index methodology was used to assess the risk of socio-economic vulnerability of municipalities in the Tyumen region to climate-related hazards. Three groups of indicators were identified for calculating the socio-economic vulnerability risk: susceptibility, coping capacity, and adaptive capacity. Indicators in each group were selected based on official statistics. As a result, the risk of the realization of climate hazards and the risk of socio-economic vulnerability for the municipalities of the Tyumen region were ranked. Based on the results of ranking, the municipalities were divided into five groups. These groups had similar characteristics regarding socio-economic vulnerability indicators. The spatial analysis allowed for the identification of two clusters of municipalities with the highest level of socio-economic vulnerability due to a high risk of realization of climate-related hazards. Policy recommendations were proposed based on a spatial analysis of the risk of socio-economic vulnerability across municipalities and the analysis of socio-economic vulnerability indicators.

Considering the current ecological situation in the modern world, the quality of life depends not so much on a stable energy supply as on an environmentally friendly way of producing and consuming energy, which has turned social and research attention to the opportunities of renewable energy systems (RES). In spite of the vital necessity of transitioning to environmentally friendly energy production, the implementation and development of renewable energy technologies face a range of barriers: socio-cultural, technological, economic, institutional and environmental. To overcome these barriers, the authors of this article use the systems approach to gain deeper understanding of RES interconnection and interdependence. They apply STEEP analysis for classification and qualitative analysis of RES development barriers in Russia. The article proposes the analytical methodology, which reveals system specifications of the national RES development barriers and predicts the chain reaction of overcoming particular barriers. Using this methodology, the authors identify the main socio-cultural roots of RES development barriers in Russia: state control of the development of the energy sector, the political stake in hydrocarbons and the lack of consistent policies on RES development. The authors’ suggested analysis methodology is appropriate for identifying the root problems in energy socio-economic systems and for effective decision-making process in the energy sector.

Происходящие в последнее десятилетие изменения вызывают дискуссию о факторах и основных принципах трансформации мировой экономики. На основе критического анализа теории развития мировой экономики предложен новый подход к классификации факторов трансформации мировой экономики, определено 13 групп факторов трансформации мировой экономики. Наиболее существенным фактором трансформации мировой экономики остается изменение технологий. Проведенный анализ работ восьми экономических школ позволил сделать вывод, что выделяемые принципы трансформации во многом являются отражением происходящих в определенный момент в мировой экономике социально-экономических, политических, а также технологических изменений. Большинство выделенных в исследованиях принципов связаны с институциональной, воспроизводственной, рыночной сферой структурных изменений. Для современного этапа трансформации мировой экономики наиболее характерны такие принципы, как: системность, многофакторность, нелинейность структурных сдвигов и кризисов, взаимообусловленность экономических процессов. Полученные результаты будут интересны специалистам в области мировой экономики и международных отношений, научным работникам.

This article focuses on how modern digital services can involve citizens in socio-political processes. Based on a survey of residents of the Tyumen region, an assessment was made of the participation of citizens in socio-political processes, the demand for digital services by the population for the manifestation of socio-political activity, as well as the ability of these services to provide citizens with genuine political participation. The study found that only 40 % of respondents use modern services and technologies to display their socio-political activity. In the great majority of cases, the use of digital services or platforms is apolitical (solving one’s own life problems, getting information, informing the authorities). The needs of citizens related to participation in social and political processes through digital services are fully satisfied, but these services do not provide citizens with genuine participation and don’t give the opportunity to influence ongoing social and political processes. Only a few services today enable citizens to reach a high level of sociopolitical participation. Most digital services provide only symbolic political participation, but their presence improves the system of public administration and interaction between the authorities and the population. We tend to see, even in the non-political nature of digital service usage, latent political participation that can become real. The use of digital services is important for society, as they significantly expand both the audience and the repertoire of citizens’ participation in socio-political processes; have a learning effect; contribute to increasing the openness and accountability of authorities to citizens. By properly analyzing the weaknesses of digital services and the demands of citizens for their improvement, one can make significant improvements.

The article is devoted to the study of changes in the structure of Russia's foreign trade in the context of transformation processes. The article analyzes the dynamics of Russia's exports and imports in 2012–2024, as well as changes in the geographical structure of foreign trade, the structure of currency settlements in the context of sanctions restrictions. The results show that despite the initial decline in foreign trade, the Russian economy has shown a high degree of adaptability. In recent years there has been a reorientation of exports to Asian and African countries, an increase in the share of ruble settlements and an acceleration of import substitution processes. The article pays special attention to the role of China as Russia's main trading partner at the current stage of development. The results of the study show that despite the fact that sanctions create short-term imbalances, in the long run they stimulate structural changes that contribute to the strengthening of Russia's economic sovereignty. The transformation processes taking place in the world require further diversification of Russia's foreign economic relations for the development of high-tech industries and to reduce dependence on foreign supplies.

This article describes a new approach to determining the optimal amount of state financial support provided to business entities. It is shown that there are three available methods to support economic agents. The most cost-effective option is subsidizing business entities to expand their current assets. It has been revealed that there are not just optimal amounts of government financial support but also optimal not-to-exceed amounts that make it possible to identify the boundaries of the so-called highly productive state of the economy. In this case, when the economy is highly productive, the prices of goods (services) fall, workers spend their savings, and the volume of production increases. This ultimately leads to an increase in the well-being of the population. The differential equations are the basis for the model, which is similar to the model of a simple two-sector single-product economy. The Monte Carlo method is used to determine the optimal not-to-exceed amount for government financial support. The identification of such intervals allows us to determine the amount of state financial support that will lead to a highly productive state and will not contribute to an unreasonable expansion of the budget expenditure. This study’s results can be utilized by government authorities for the development of a comprehensive system of state financial support for entrepreneurship. Business entities can use the results of this research concerning the calculation of the optimal not-to-exceed amount of financial support.